Amino Gamma

Cronin J. R., PizzareUo S., and Yuen G. U. (1985) Amino acids of the Murchison meteorite 2. 5 carbon acyclic primary beta-amino, gamma-amino and delta-amino alkanoic acids. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 49, 2259—2265. 

Gamma acid (7-amino-l-naphthol-3-sulfomc acid) [90-51-7]... 

Picrotoxin has been instmmental in estabUshing an inhibitory neurotransmitter role for the amino acid, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), quantitatively the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian CNS. Whereas glycine is predominately localized in the spinal cord, GABA... 

J-acid (6-amino-l-naphthol-3-sulfonic acid [87-02-5]) (16), and gamma acid (7-amino-1-naphtho1-3-su1fonic acid [90-51-7]) (17). 

There are at least three different classes of crystallins. The a and (3 are heterogeneous assemblies of different subunits specified by different genes, whereas the gamma (y) crystallins are monomeric proteins with a polypeptide chain of around 170 amino acid residues. The structure of one such Y crystallin was determined in the laboratory of Tom Blundell in London to 1.9 A resolution. A picture of this molecule generated from a graphics display is shown in Figure 5.11. 

A derivatization with acid chlorides is also possible. Amino acids can be derivatized with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC) and separated on a CSP with X-cyclodextrin (ChiraDex gamma ), a cyclic oligosaccharide which consists of eight glucose units. 

Prostanoids. Figure 2 EP3 receptor sequence of three mouse EP3 receptor splice variants differing only in their intracellular carboxyl termini. The predicted amino acid sequences of each splice variant are represented by the one letter amino acid code. The common region is comprised of two exons, which are spliced to three possible C-terminal tails. The carboxyl variable tails are designated alpha, beta, and gamma,each encoded by distinct exons. 

The enzymes that are involved in the processing of APP into amyloid peptides are known as secretases. Beta-secretase is an enzyme that catalyzes the initial proteolytic event leading to the production of Abeta amyloid peptides. If APP is cleaved by beta-secretase it can then be further cleaved by gamma-secretase. Abeta peptides are either secreted or intracellularly released. They have varying lengths and represent intermediate degradation products of its precursor (i.e., (3-secretase cleaved APP). Especially the 42 amino acid peptide (A 342) aggregates to form insoluble amyloid plaques. 

The common C-terminal amino acid sequence required for exerting activity at tachykinin receptors is shown in bold endokinin C and D lack the C-terminal Met and are almost devoid of affinity at these receptors. In red, the sequence of neurokinin A of which neuropeptide-gamma and neuropeptide-kappa are elongated forms and neurokinin A (3-10) is a product of beta or gamma-TAC1 mRNAs or an NKA metabolite active at tachykinin receptors. In blue, the sequence of human HK-1 of which endokinin A and B are elongated forms. 

Effects of Gamma-radiation on Some Carbohydrates, Hydroxy-acids, and Amino-acids in Aqueous Solutions, S. A. Barker, P. M. Grant, M. Stacey, and R. B. Ward, Nature, 183 (1959) 376-377. 

Note NaCh = sodium channel RF = resistance factor, which is LDjq resistant strain/LDjQ susceptible strain GABA = gamma amino butyric acid receptor PBO = piperonyl butoxide. 

Invertebrate prey species contain analogous, but not identical, sites to those considered above. In many phylla, calcium channels play the role normally ascribed to sodium channels in vertebrates. In addition, the peripheral locomotor neurotransmitter is not acetylcholine but amino acids such as gamma amino butyric acid (GABA). In other phylla, the channels which underly locomotion remain poorly understood. 

Results from inhalation studies in animals suggest that hydrogen sulfide may be a developmental neurotoxicant. Neurochemical changes (in particular levels of the neurotransmitters gamma-aminobutyric acid, norepinephrine, and serotonin) and levels of the amino acids aspartate, glutamate, and taurine have been observed in various regions of the brain (Hannah et al. 1989, 1990 Skrajny et al. 

Altered release. Tetanus is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani. This bacterium produces a neurotoxin active on inhibitory synapses in the spinal cord. Motor neurons, which supply skeletal muscle and cause contraction, have cell bodies that lie in the spinal cord. Under normal circumstances, these motor neurons receive excitatory and inhibitory inputs from various sources. The balance of these inputs results in the appropriate degree of muscle tone or muscle contraction. Tetanus toxin prevents the release of gamma amino butyric acid (GABA), an important neurotransmitter active at these inhibitory synapses. Eliminating inhibitory inputs results in unchecked or unmodulated excitatory input to the motor neurons. The resulting uncontrolled muscle spasms initially occur in the muscles of the jaw, giving rise to the expression lockjaw. The muscle spasms eventually... 

Pantanowitz, S Bendahan, A., and Kanner, B. I. (1993) Only one of the charged amino acids located in the transmembrane alpha-helices of the gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter (subtype A) is essential for its activity../. Biol. Chem. 268, 3222-3225. 

White, H. S., Sarup, A., Bolvig, T., et al. (2002) Correlation between anticonvulsant activity and inhibitory action on glial gamma-aminobutyric acid uptake of the highly selective mouse gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter 1 inhibitor 3-hydroxy-4-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-l,2-benzisoxazole and its N-alkylated analogs. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 302, 636-644. 

Filter, wash toluene with water, NaHC03, water and dry, evaporate in vacuum to get 100 g gamma-Cl-butyraldehyde (I) (can distill 28/2). 10 g (I), 20 g 3-nitro-phenylhydrazine dissolve in the minimum volume of hot ethanol containing 10% glacial acetic acid. Heat on steam bath one hour cool and add water until dark oil separates. Evaporate in vacuum the ethanol and decant the water to get the oily gamma-Cl-butyraldehyde-3-intro-phenylhydrazone(II). 29 g (11), 300 ml concentrated HC1, ZOO ml benzene stir three hours, replace benzene with fresh benzene and stir four hours. Combine the two benzene portions, wash with water and dry, evaporate in vacuum to get 4 g 3-(beta-Cl-ethyl)-4 and 6-nitroindole (m). 3.56 g (III), 200 ml ethanol, 200 ml 34% aqueous DMA (or other amine) and let stand at room temperature for one week. Evaporate in vacuum the ethanol, filter, dissolve the precipitate in dilute HC1 and filter. Basify the filtrate with dilute NaOH to precipitate 3 g 4 and 6-nitro-DMT (IV). 5.2 g (IV), 350 ml ethanol, 100 ml IN NaOH heat to 50° and add a solution of 3 g Na dithionite in 15 ml 0.2N NaOH. filter hot and evaporate in vacuum to get 2 g 4 and 6 amino-DMT (can purity by dissolving in HC1, filter, basify, extract with ether and dry and evaporate in vacuum the extract). 

Gamma radiolysis of simple carboxylic acids and N-acetyl amino acids results in loss of the carboxyl group with formation of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. In the carboxylic acids, the ratio of C0/C02 produced is approximately 0.1, while in the N-acetyl amino acids the ratio is much smaller. In the poly carboxylic acids and poly amino acids, radiolysis also results in the loss of the carboxyl group, but here the ratio of C0/C02 is greater than 0.1. Incorporation of aromatic groups in the poly amino acids provides some protection for the carboxyl group. The degradation of the poly acids is believed to involve radical and excited state pathways. 

A variety of radical products is observed following gamma radiolysis of the N-acetyl amino acids at 77 K (6), depending on the nature of the side chain of the parent amino acid. In the case of N-acetyl alanine, for example, the intermediates are (i) the anion radical IV (ii) the decarboxylation radical V (iii) the deamination radical VI and (iv) the alpha carbon radical VII. 

A similar behaviour has been found to occur with the other N-acetyl amino acids. In each case, the most stable radical observed at 303 K was the alpha carbon radical, as was also observed for the aliphatic carboxylic acids. In Table VI the radical yields observed following gamma radiolysis of a series of N-acetyl amino acids at 303 K are reported, together with the stable radical intermediates observed at this temperature (5). 

POLYAMINO ACIDS Aliphatic polyamino acids irradiated in the solid state have been reported to undergo N-Ctf, main-chain, bond scission on gamma radiolysis (9) and the stable radical intermediates formed following radiolysis at 303 K are alpha carbon radicals, as observed in the N-acetyl amino acids. 

Two stable radical intermediates are observed following gamma radiolysis at 303 K. The alpha carbon radical VIII and the side chain radical IX are formed in approximately equal yields, with the total G-value for radical production equal to 3.2. This value is similar to that observed for the poly acids. The observed radicals are those which would be expected on the basis of the aliphatic carboxylic acids and previous studies of the poly amino acids with aliphatic side chains. 

---