Amides from hydrocarbons

Sulfonic acid amides from hydrocarbons H —SOgNHg... 

Carboxylic acid esters and amides from hydrocarbons... 

Carboxymic acids, esters, and amides from hydrocarbons via carboxylic acid chlorides... 

Carboxylic acid amides from hydrocarbons Synthesis with addition of 1 C-atom... 

The other nitrogen compounds which are nonbasic, and are not extracted from hydrocarbons by dilute acid, have not been investigated in detail, though there are indications that they contain pyrroles. In addition, it is possible that some part of the nitrogen in this material is present in the form of amides, derived from primary or secondary amines and petroleum acids. 

Carbanions from hydrocarbons, nitriles, ketones, esters, TV./V-dialkyl acetamides and thioamides, and mono and dianions from (3-dicarbonyl compounds are some of the most common nucleophiles through which a new C-C bond can be formed. This C-C bond formation is also achieved by reaction with aromatic alkoxides. Among the nitrogen nucleophiles known to react are amide ions to form anilines however, the anions from aromatic amines, pyrroles, diazoles and triazoles, react with aromatic substrates to afford C-arylation. 

By far one of the most important reactions through the S l mechanism is formation of a C—C bond by the reaction of aryl halides with carbanions derived from hydrocarbons, ketones, esters, amides, nitriles and even, with some limitations, from aldehydes. The reactions of cyanide ions and carbonyl complexes of Co and Fe also form a new C—C bond. 

Internal mold release agents are added to facilitate part ejection from the mold. The most common types of agents include metal stearates, fatty acids, fatty acid amides, and hydrocarbon waxes. Zinc stearate and calcium stearate are the widely used mold release agents in SMC and BMC. 

Thermal decomposition of capsaicin yields capsaicin dimer ( )-JV-vanillyl-di(8-methylnon-6-en)imide (10-35), various amides, acids, hydrocarbons and phenols. The main product is E)-S-methylnon-6-enamide, nonanamide, pentanamide and other amides, ( )-8-methylnon-6-enoic acid, nonanoic acid, ( )-hept -2-ene, vanillin and other substituted phenols (2-methoxy-4-methylphenol and 2-methoxyphenol), which are produced by decomposition of vanillin. Roasting of peppers in oil may produce fatty acid amides. For example, reaction with oleic acid yields (Z)-N-vanillyloctadec-9-enamide reaction of oleic acid with ammonia, originating from capsaicin, gives rise to (Z)-octadec-9-enamide (oleamide). 

The high oxidation state of carhon in which there are three bonds to electronegative atoms is the characteristic of carboxylic acids and the related acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters, ortho esters, amides, and nitriles. The transformations may involve oxidation from hydrocarbons or other partially oxidized substrates or exchange among various electronegative atoms on the carbon. 

Upon warming with 10-20 per cent, sodium or potassium hydroxide solution, no ammonia is evolved (distinction from primary amides). The base, however, is usually liberated upon fusion with soda lime (see experimental details in Section IV,175) and at the same time the acyl group yields a hydrocarbon. Thus benz-p-toluidide affords p-tolu-idine and benzene. 

Acetylene and terminal alkynes are more acidic than other hydrocarbons They have s of approximately 26 compared with about 45 for alkenes and about 60 for alkanes Sodium amide is a strong enough base to remove a proton from acetylene or a terminal alkyne but sodium hydroxide is not... 

Analytical Procedures. Standard methods for analysis of food-grade adipic acid are described ia the Food Chemicals Codex (see Refs, ia Table 8). Classical methods are used for assay (titration), trace metals (As, heavy metals as Pb), and total ash. Water is determined by Kad-Fisher titration of a methanol solution of the acid. Determination of color ia methanol solution (APHA, Hazen equivalent, max. 10), as well as iron and other metals, are also described elsewhere (175). Other analyses frequendy are required for resia-grade acid. For example, hydrolyzable nitrogen (NH, amides, nitriles, etc) is determined by distillation of ammonia from an alkaline solution. Reducible nitrogen (nitrates and nitroorganics) may then be determined by adding DeVarda s alloy and continuing the distillation. Hydrocarbon oil contaminants may be determined by ir analysis of halocarbon extracts of alkaline solutions of the acid. 

In general, the reactions of the perfluoro acids are similar to those of the hydrocarbon acids. Salts are formed with the ease expected of strong acids. The metal salts are all water soluble and much more soluble in organic solvents than the salts of the corresponding hydrocarbon acids. Esterification takes place readily with primary and secondary alcohols. Acid anhydrides can be prepared by distillation of the acids from phosphoms pentoxide. The amides are readily prepared by the ammonolysis of the acid haUdes, anhydrides, or esters and can be dehydrated to the corresponding nitriles (31). 

Amides result from the reaction of aromatic hydrocarbons with isocyanates, such as phenyl isocyanate [103-71-9], ia the presence of aluminum chloride. Phenyl isothiocyanate [103-72-0] similarly gives thioanilides (136). 

Esters are named by replacing the ending -ic acid with the suffix -ate. The alcohol portion of the ester is named by replacing the -ane ending of the parent hydrocarbon name with the suffix -yl. The alkyl radical name of an ester is separated from the carboxylate name, eg, methyl formate for HCOOCH. Amides are named by changing the ending -oic acid to -amide for either systematic or common names, eg, hexanamide and acetamide. 

Most of the inhibitors in use are organic nitrogen compounds and these have been classified by Bregman as (a) aliphatic fatty acid derivatives, b) imidazolines, (c) quaternaries, (d) rosin derivatives (complex amine mixtures based on abietic acid) all of these will tend to have long-chain hydrocarbons, e.g. CigH, as part of the structure, (e) petroleum sulphonic acid salts of long-chain diamines (preferred to the diamines), (/) other salts of diamines and (g) fatty amides of aliphatic diamines. Actual compounds in use in classes (a) to d) include oleic and naphthenic acid salts of n-tallowpropylenediamine diamines RNH(CH2) NH2 in which R is a carbon chain of 8-22 atoms and x = 2-10 and reaction products of diamines with acids from the partial oxidation of liquid hydrocarbons. Attention has also been drawn to polyethoxylated compounds in which the water solubility can be controlled by the amount of ethylene oxide added to the molecule. 

Nearly all of the polymers produced by step-growth polymerization contain heteroatoms and/or aromatic rings in the backbone. One exception is polymers produced from acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization.22 Hydrocarbon polymers with carbon-carbon double bonds are readily produced using ADMET polymerization techniques. Polyesters, polycarbonates, polyamides, and polyurethanes can be produced from aliphatic monomers with appropriate functional groups (Fig. 1.1). In these aliphatic polymers, the concentration of the linking groups (ester, carbonate, amide, or urethane) in the backbone greatly influences the physical properties. 

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