American Patent System

The issue of patents for new discoveries has given a spring to invention beyond my conception."—Thomas Jefferson. "The patent system added the fuel of interest to the fire of genius."— Abraham Lincoln. "The American patent system has promoted countless applications of the arts and sciences to the needs and well-being of our people."—Franklin D. Roosevelt. 

American Patent System 1790-1940, Digest of History, Government Printing Office, Washington, 1940. 

Ooms, C. W., Ibid., 24, 3027 (1946). American patent system and industrial r6SO irch... 

Sherwood, Morgan. The Origins and Development of the American Patent System. American Scientist 71 (1983) 500-506. 

American Chemical Society primary journals, production, 131 Apple Macintosh advantages, 22 short learning curve, 22 software, 23 switcher utility, 23-24 Application interface definition, 132 example, 132,133f Attachment point, description, 71 Automated patent system, software development, I4l... 

The clause, also part of British and French patent systems, mandated that a patent filed by a non-citizen must be in use within a specified time—usually one or two years—or the patent becomes void, leaving the product or process open to exploitation by others. See comments by Arthur Prill and by I. F. Stone, in Symposium on American Dye Industry, JIEC 6 (November 1914) 945, 949 Edward Gudeman, Aspects of Some Chemical Industries, in the United States, Today, JIEC 1 (February 1915) 152. Opponents suggested the clause worked in neither theory nor practice with regard to the... 

Other patents (81,82) coveted the preparation of cellulose solutions using NMMO and speculated about their use as dialysis membranes, food casings (sausage skins), fibers, films, paper coatings, and nonwoven binders. NMMO emerged as the best of the amine oxides, and its commercial potential was demonstrated by American Enka (83,84). Others (85) have studied the cellulose-NMMO system in depth one paper indicates that further strength increases can be obtained by adding ammonium chloride or calcium chloride to the dope (86). 

Prior to this appointment. Dr. Wilkinson was the director, and then vice president of research and development at Ballard Power Systems and involved with the research, development, and application of fuel cell technology for transportation, stationary power, and portable applications. Until 2003, Dr. Wilkinson was the leading all-time fuel cell inventor by number of issued US. patents. Dr. Wilkinson s main research interest is in electrochemical power sources and processes to create clean and sustainable energy. He is an active member of the Electrochemical Society, the International Society of Electrochemistry, the Chemical Institute of Canada, and the American Chemical Society. 

Michael J. Groves, a pharmacist with a doctorate in chemical engineering, has spent much of his career working in industry and academe. Now retired, his scientific interests include dispersed drug delivery systems and quality control issues for parenteral drug products. Editor or joint editor of a number of books, he has published 400 research papers, patents, reviews, and book reviews. He is a Fellow of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, the Institute of Biology, and the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists. 

Research articles of interest to biochemists may appear in many types of research journals. Research libraries do not have the funds necessary to subscribe to every journal, nor do scientists have the time to survey every current journal copy for articles of interest. Two publications that help scientists to keep up with published articles are Chemical Titles (published every 2 weeks by the American Chemical Society) and the weekly Current Contents available in hard copy and computer disks (published by the Institute of Science Information). The Life Science edition of Current Contents is the most useful for biochemists. The computer revolution has reached into the chemical and biochemical literature, and most college and university libraries now subscribe to computer bibliographic search services. One such service is STN International, the scientific and technical information network. This on-line system allows direct access to some of the world s largest scientific databases. The STN databases of most value to life scientists include BIOSIS Pre-views/RN (produced by Bio Sciences Information Service covers original research reports, reviews, and U.S. patents in biology and biomedicine), CA (produced by Chemical Abstracts service covers research reports in all areas of chemistry), MEDLINE, and MEDLARS (produced by the U.S. National Library of Medicine and Index Medicus, respectively cover all areas of biomedicine). These networks provide on-line service and their databases can be accessed from personal computers in the office, laboratory, or library. Some... 

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