American formation

Some foreign surnames follow a format different from the American system. Most people are aware that the Chinese use their surnames first, followed by their given names. For example, Sun Yat-sen s surname is Sun. However, the problem of identifying surnames extends to many other cultures. This multiplicity of usage can create problems in bibliographic indexes and in reference citations. A reference citation in a bibliography should always list the surname first, followed by first name or initials. In a byline, the author names should be presented in standard American format (given names first and surnames... 

Dynamics and Pattern Formation in Biological and Complex Systems ed S Kim, K J Lee and W Sung (Melville, NY American Institute of Physics) pp 95-111... 

Processes rendered obsolete by the propylene ammoxidation process (51) include the ethylene cyanohydrin process (52—54) practiced commercially by American Cyanamid and Union Carbide in the United States and by I. G. Farben in Germany. The process involved the production of ethylene cyanohydrin by the base-cataly2ed addition of HCN to ethylene oxide in the liquid phase at about 60°C. A typical base catalyst used in this step was diethylamine. This was followed by liquid-phase or vapor-phase dehydration of the cyanohydrin. The Hquid-phase dehydration was performed at about 200°C using alkah metal or alkaline earth metal salts of organic acids, primarily formates and magnesium carbonate. Vapor-phase dehydration was accomphshed over alumina at about 250°C. 

J. W. Savage and D. Bailey, Economic Potential of the New Sodium Minerals Found in the Green Piver Formation, presented at 61st Annual Meeting of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Los Angeles, Calif., Dec. 1—5, 1968. 

Economic Aspects. U.S. capacity for production of merchant sodium dithionite (soHds basis) was estimated at 93,000 metric tons in 1994. There are three North American producers of sodium dithionite. Hoechst Celanese is the largest producer (68,000 tons capacity) with two formate production locations and one zinc process location. Olin (25,000 t capacity) produces solution product only at two locations using both the amalgam and electrochemical processes. In 1994, Vulcan started a small solution plant in Wisconsin using the Olin electrochemical process. In addition, it is estimated that 13,000 t/yr is produced at U.S. pulp mills using the Borol process from sulfur dioxide and sodium borohydride. Growth is estimated at 2—3%/yr. The... 

API, Modeling Aerobic Biodegradation of Dissolved Hydrocarbons in Heterogenous Geologic Formations, Pubhcation No. 848-00200, American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C., 1995. 

Oil well cements (78) are usually made from Pordand cement clinker and may also be blended cements. The American Petroleum Institute Specification for Materials and Testing for Well Cements API Specification 10) (78) includes requirements for nine classes of oil well cements. They are specially produced for cementing the steel casing of gas and oil wells to the walls of the bore-hole and to seal porous formations (79). Under these high temperature and pressure conditions ordinary Pordand cements would not dow propedy and would set prematurely. Oil well cements are more coarsely ground than normal, and contain special retarding admixtures. 

The values given in the following table for the heats and free energies of formation of inorganic compounds are derived from a) Bichowsky and Rossini, Thermochemistry of the Chemical Substances, Reinhold, New York, 1936 (h) Latimer, Oxidation States of the Elements and Their Potentials in Aqueous Solution, Prentice-Hall, New York, 1938 (c) the tables of the American Petroleum Institute Research Project 44 at the National Bureau of Standards and (d) the tables of Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties of the National Bureau of Standards. The reader is referred to the preceding books and tables for additional details as to methods of calculation, standard states, and so on. 

Scheme 1. (a) Formation of a fragment with m/z = 247 from a covalent bond between y-GPS and DBA dimer, (b) Final structure of the cation with mjz = 247. Reproduced by permission of the American Chemical Society from Ref. [55]. 

It is over three centuries since cinchona bark came into use in European medicine, and no other natural drug has had so much written about it. There are the stories, sometimes legendary, of its discovery by Europeans, vigorous early discussions of its therapeutic value, the destruction of the S. American cinchona trees to meet the demand for bark, the labours of botanical explorers in collecting seed for the formation of plantations, the establishment and development of these plantations in Ceylon, India and Java, the competition between them, the gradual emergence of Java as the world s most important source of supply of cinchona bark, and the development of the manufacture of quinine sulphate in Europe, the United States and the Tropics. ... 

Pratola, F., Simons, S.J.R. and Jones, A.G., 2000. Micro-Mechanics of Agglomerative Crystallization Processes. Proceeding of Advances in particle formation, American Institute of Chemical Engineers National Meeting, November 2000, Paper 22 g. 

A separate table such as the example in Table 15-2 is prepared for each line designation. Each valve is assigned a designation on the flowsheets and explained in this table. The pipe, valves, and fittings table can sp( acceptable valves by manufacturer and model number, by a generic description, or by a combination of the two as shown in the example. It should be pointed out that Tables 15-1 and 15-2 are examples from American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice (API RP) 14E and are illustrative only. There are almost as many different formats for pipe, valve, and fip "" tables as there are companies, and these examples are in no manner ty or recommended. Often, for. simphcity, valve types are not described i pipe, valve, and fittings specifications but on separate sheets for each. ... 

This report is by Battelle Columbus Division to the Line Pipe Research Supervisory Committee of the American Gas Association. It presents an analysis of statistical data obtained from reports of lea)c or rupture (service) incidents and test failures in natural gas transmission and gathering lines over the 14.5 year period from 1970 through June, 1984. All gas transmission companies were required to notify the Office of Pipeline Safety Operations in the event of a "reportable" incident, as defined by the Code of Federal Regulations. The purpose of the study is to organize the reportable incident data into a meaningful format from which the safety record of the industry can be assessed. 

Prospector web Prospector Web is an interactive database used to find and compare plastic materials. You can specify your application requirements to search a catalog of nearly all North American plastics and increasing amounts of plastics data from European and Pacific Rim material suppliers. Materials can be searched by any of 200+ properties, reviewed, sorted, and compared to determine the material best fitted to your needs. Test data is available in both English or Metric units and ASTM or ISO format. Both Prospector Web and its sister product Prospector Desktop come with IDES s exclusive Plastics Materials Hotline to help with questions that may arise. 

American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 242 Amic acid ammonium salt, polyimide cyclization via, 305 Amic acid formation, 301 Amidation reaction scheme, 151 Amide-amide interchange reaction, 158 Amide concentration, in polyamides, 139-141... 

Figure 9.31. Effect of cell potential on the rates of cis- and trans-2-butene and butane formation upon electrochemical reduction of 1-butene on Pd/C/Nafion electrodes at room temperature.35 Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society.

Burton, K. W., Ling, H.-F. and O Nions, R. K. (1997). Closure of the Central American Isthmus and its effect on deep-water formation in the North Atlantic. Nature 386,382-385. 

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