Quinine sulphate

It is over three centuries since cinchona bark came into use in European medicine, and no other natural drug has had so much written about it. There are the stories, sometimes legendary, of its discovery by Europeans, vigorous early discussions of its therapeutic value, the destruction of the S. American cinchona trees to meet the demand for bark, the labours of botanical explorers in collecting seed for the formation of plantations, the establishment and development of these plantations in Ceylon, India and Java, the competition between them, the gradual emergence of Java as the world s most important source of supply of cinchona bark, and the development of the manufacture of quinine sulphate in Europe, the United States and the Tropics. ... 

Much of the bark collected in S. America was of low alkaloidal content, but proved suitable for the preparation of totaquina (p. 420). Among other interesting developments was the discovery by Steere of large stands of a race of Remijia pedunculaia on the western slopes of the Andes north of Bucaramanga, the bark of which yielded 3 per cent, of quinine sulphate. " ... 

Cmchonine, C19H22ON2. This alkaloid is usually present in cinchona and cuprea barks. One of the best sources is Cinchona micrantha bark. It occurs in the crude quinine sulphate mother liquors. The mixed alkaloids recovered from these may be extracted with ether to remove quinidine and cinchonidine and the insoluble residue boiled with successive small quantities of alcohol, from which cinchonine crystallises on cooling. The crude alkaloid is neutralised with dilute sulphuric acid and the sulphate recrystallised from boiling water. Cinchonine so prepared contains quinidine, from which it may be freed by crystallisation from boiling alcohol until it ceases to exhibit fluorescence in dilute sulphuric acid. It will then still contain 10 to 15 per cent, of dihydrocinchonine, which may be removed by reprecipitation as the cuprichloride, B. 2HC1. CuClj, or by the simpler mercuric acetate process of Thron and Dirscherl. ... 

Hydroquinine (Dihydroquinine), C20H26O2N2.2H2O. This base was isolated by Hesse from the mother liquors of quinine sulphate manufacture and is present to the extent of 5 to 6 per cent, in commercial sulphate of quinine, from which it is best isolated by the mercuric acetate process. The demand for hydroquinine as such and as a material for the preparation of hydrocupreine has led to its manufacture from quinine by catalytic hydrogenation. It crystallises from ether or benzene in needles, m.p. 173 5° (dry), — 235 7° (c = M/40, N/10 H2SO4) or... 

In addition to the spectrophotometric method discussed in section 12.1.1.1 Aznarez et al. [2] have described a method based on the molecular fluorescence of boron with dibenzoylmethane. The preliminary soil digestion and extraction procedures are identical to those described earlier. The reactive fluorescence intensity of the boron complex is measured at 400nm with excitation at 390nm and quinine sulphate as reference. 

Quinine Sulphate. 90-100 g of cinchona bark is ground up with 250 cc of milk of lime. Evaporate to dryness on water bath, cool, and powder. Shake this powdered residue with 200 cc of chloroform and allow to stand in a flask for 12 hours. Filter and wash with chloroform. 

Kayumba, P. C., Huyghebaert, N., Cordelia, C., Ntawukuliryayo, J. D., Vervaet, C., and Remon, J. P. (2007). Quinine sulphate pellets for flexible pediatric drug dosing Formulation development and evaluation of taste-masking efficiency using the electronic tongue. Eur. J. Pharm. Biophurm. 66,460-465. 

Quinine sulphate (2H2O) [6591-63-5] M 783.0, m 205 . Crystd from water, dried at 110°. 

Standards used for this ratio method are generally quinine sulphate, rhodamine B or 2-aminopyridine solutions. In order to eliminate fluctuations due to the radiation source and other instrument parameters, comparative measurements are used. Instrument sensitivity is commonly expressed in terms of the signal to noise ratio of the Raman band of water (cf. 12.4). The nature of the solvent, the temperature,... 

To obtain these products selenium dioxide is allowed to react with the hydrogenated cinchona alkaloids or their derivatives in the presence of concentrated sulphuric acid and the products obtained are diluted with water and boiled. Selenohydroquinine is prepared from hydro-quinine sulphate or hydroquinine sulphuric ester, and forms yellow needles which remain unchanged below 235° C. selenoethylhydro-cupreine forms yellow needles, 5l.pt. 233° to 23-1° C., and selenohydro-cupreine separates as small, orange-coloured needles, w hich are unmelted below 235° C. The products are of use therapeutically. 

There are a large number of other published procedures for the separation of a number of sweeteners and preservatives at one time these are all based on reverse-phase HPLC. Perhaps one of the most startling is the method published by Williams (1986). This uses a small particle size (3 xm) C8 column and allows the separation of a range of colours, sweeteners and preservatives in less than 5 min. The materials separated were amaranth, quinoline yellow, quinine sulphate, sunset yellow, caffeine, aspartame, saccharin, vanillin, sorbic acid, benzoic acid and green S. 

Ammonium molybdate-quinine sulphate reagent Phosphates give a yellow precipitate with this reagent the exact composition appears to be unknown. 

The reagent is prepared by dissolving 4-0 g finely powdered ammonium molybdate, (NH4)6Mo7024.4H20 in 20 ml water and adding, with stirring, a solution of 0T g quinine sulphate in 80 ml concentrated nitric acid. 

The fluorimeter is calibrated using the quinine sulphate solution 0.1 yUg/ml, excitation wavelength 360 nm and setting the emission intensity to 86 at 450 nm. 

The spectrofluorimeter is calibrated using 0.1 pg/m quinine sulphate in 0.1 M sulphuric acid. 

With slits set at 10 and the lowest sensitivity setting the fluorescence of quinine sulphate is excited at 350 nm and the emission measured at 445 nm. 

Synonyms. Neutral Quinine Sulphate Quinine Acid Sulphate. Proprietary Names. Biquin Biquinate Dentojel Myoquin Quinbisan. C2oH24N202,H,S04,7H20 = 548.6 CAS—549-56-4 (anhydrous)... 

Dose. 2 g of quinine sulphate or other salt, daily, for 14 days. 

Quinine hydrochloride, basic, 954 Quinine hydrochloride, neutral, 954 Quinine salicylate, 954 Quinine sulphate, 954 Quinine sulphate, basic, 954 Quinine sulphate, neutral, 954 Quininedihydrodiol, 955 Quinine-epoxide, 955 Quiniodochlor, 474 Quinisocaine, 551 Quinite, 954 Quinoctal, 954 Quinoderm, 673 Quinol, 669 (metabolite), 380, 885 Quinolinol, 672, 673 Quinolinol sulphate, 673 Quinolyl urea, 955 Quinomethionate, 85 Quinoped, 673 Quinophan, 470 Quinora, 953... 

Fluorescence lifetime measurements are an important aspect of photophysical research. In the past few months the phase-shift measurement technique has become more widely used. This is largely due to the successful achievement of a multifrequency modulation apparatus. An apparatus made from commercially available components has been described and shown to have an accuracy of 10 ps. The performance was checked using mixtures of acridine and quinine sulphate and least-squares-ht procedures. A series of papers from the Illinois group give very detailed account of the state of the art and show the power of the method. The colour delay error arising from the wavelength error in photodetectors can be determined and fluorescence decay times can be obtained with an accuracy of a few picoseconds. ... 

---