Alkaloids, literature reviews

A quantitive, spontaneous cyclization of the 16-carbomethoxy C-20-C-21 unsaturated cleavamine to coronaridine (HO) and the general failure of dehydrosecodine to serve as a synthetic precursor of catharanthine (see Ref. HI for literature review) suggest, however, that the Iboga alkaloids may be preferably assigned a biogenetic origin based on cleavamine cyclizations rather than on a dehydrosecodine. 

The regular team of authors reviews the whole of the alkaloid literature for the year and a two-year coverage of Erythrina alkaloids is included. 

The presentation here has been primarily concerned with the synthetic relationships between the dimeric calabash-curare alkaloids. Literature is only cited when it is not contained in the recently published review articles. In these works all the arguments leading to the structural classification of the alkaloids are fully discussed and the important contributions of the schools of H. Wieland and P. Karrer indicated. 

The alkaloid literature has been reviewed up to the end of June 1970, but for convenience most authors have started their literature surveys from January 1969 this inaugural volume, therefore, properly represents a summary of developments in the subject during an eighteen-month period. The whole field of alkaloid chemistry has been reviewed with the exception of the steroidal alkaloids of the Solarium and Veratrum groups. It has not proved possible owing to limitations of space to include these sub-groups in the present volume, and it is therefore planned to include a review of developments in this area during a two-year period in the second volume. 

The intent of this chapter is to provide an update of pyridine and piperidine alkaloid literature since this topic was last covered in Volume 3 of this series [1], The approximate time period covered by this review is 1984-1994. Due to the wealth of information available, this review had to be somewhat selective. For example, with the exception of a few selected pyridine monoterpenes, alkaloids containing a pyridine or piperidine ring fused to another ring system were excluded. The focus of this review is placed on describing new compounds isolated, biosynthesis, and biological properties. Synthesis has not been emphasized in most cases reference is made to only the most recent syntheses. 

This second volume, which reviews the alkaloid literature from July 1970 to June 1971, approaches more closely the standard Specialist Periodical Report originally envisaged by the Chemical Society and adopts a form which, with minor variations, will very probably be followed in subsequent volumes. Once again the whole field of alkaloid chemistry has been reviewed, with the exception of the Steroidal Alkaloids of the Solanum and Veratrum Groups. The omission of these groups in the first volume was deliberate their inclusion in the second volume was intended, but proved to be impracticable, and we hope to remedy this omission in the third volume. It is fortunate, however, that this particular area can quite properly be discussed in a volume devoted to alkaloids or in one devoted to steroids and for a brief review of recent developments in this subject the reader is meanwhile referred to the Specialist Periodical Report on Terpenoids and Steroids, Volume One (Senior Reporter Dr. K. H. Overton). 

Although reference to individual securinine alkaloids have been made in previous volumes of this treatise (Vol. VII, XIII) and the literature dealing with work since 1969 has been summarized (9), no comprehensive review on this subject has appeared. It is the purpose of this contribution to fill this gap in the alkaloid literature. Coverage is complete through March 6, 1972 Chemical Abstracts. 

The proliferation of alkaloid literature which has been so marked for several decades has continued. The discovery of new sources of known alkaloids and the discovery of new alkaloids in new and already examined sources together with new structural and synthetic studies call for periodic reviews. This volume is an attempt to bring some of the alkaloid chemistry up-to-date. As in the more recent volumes we have chosen a number of subjects which seem appropriate at this time. 

Once again an annual review of the alkaloid literature is provided and this time there is a two-year coverage of Lycopodium Alkaloids. In an effort to cope with rising costs of production this Volum.e has been produced from camera-ready copy and I am grateful to the authors for their willing co-operation. 

This second volume, published in March 1972. covers the alkaloid literature of the period July 1970-June 1971. The whole field of alkaloid chemistry, with the exception of certain steroidal alkaloids, is critically reviewed. 293pp 7-50 (Stillavailable. Vol. 1 SOSpp 3 / 00)... 

This third volume in the series of Specialist Periodical Reports on Alkaloids comprises reviews of progress in the whole field of alkaloid chemistry for the period July 1971 to June 1972. For the first time we include a summary of recent developments in the chemistry of the Steroidal Alkaloids of the Solatium and Veratrum Groups. In this chapter, contributed by R. B. Herbert, the emphasis has properly been given to the period of review adopted for the volume as a whole, but in order to fill in the gap between existing reviews and July 1971 the salient literature references in this area from the beginning of 1970 have also been included. 

Much interest and research over the past 15 or so years has been directed towards ascidian metabolites because of the high incidence of pharmacological activity that they display. Few comprehensive reviews exist on the topic the only general ones being those produced by Davidson in 1993 [1,2] and the Marine Natural Product literature reviews by Faulkner which always contain a section on tunicate metabolites [3-13]. Although a number of non-nitrogenous metabolites have been isolated from the tunicates, the majority of compoimds isolated have been derived from amino acids. In particular, the two most commonly encountered classes are cyclic peptides and polycyclic aromatic alkaloids. 

Galer BS, Liptai RB, Solomon S, Newman LC, Spielings ELH. Myocardial ischemia related to ei t alkaloids a case report and literature review. Headache (1991) 31,446-50. 

This type of alkaloid can be also found in the fiunilies Fumariaceae, Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae, Papaveraceae, and Rutaceae. More than a hundred different compounds of this group have been presented in two literature reviews (59, 70). Their biogenesis is straightforward (Scheme 21). 

Owing to the use of lupin seeds for feeding animals, much attention has been given to the selection of species free from the more toxic alkaloids of the group, particularly sparteine, to methods of removing alkaloids from the seeds, a subjeet on which there is an extensive literature and to methods of estimating alkaloids in lupins on which a critical review has been published by Brahm and Andresen. ... 

Marine sponges are a source of an array of polycyclic diamine alkaloids of common biogenetic origin. This class of secondary metabolites has been the subject of four previous reviews [4-7]. Therefore, the present review will include literature reports previously not discussed, dealing with the isolation, structure determination, biological activities, and total synthesis of polycycUc diamine alkaloids isolated from marine sponges. This review will not include guanidine alkaloids [8,9] or the manzamine alkaloids [10,11], since these compounds have been recently reviewed elsewhere. Only polycycUc... 

The tropane alkaloids have been reviewed on five earlier occasions in this series (1-5). Since the last review in 1977 the number of known structures has grown markedly, to a present count of 139. In this chapter, the literature is covered up to the end of 1986. 

Pharmacological studies and clinical applications of individual Gelsemium alkaloids or of the total alkaloids have never been reviewed before, so a preliminary treatment is presented in this chapter based on the limited data collected so far. For the convenience of identification, the names, molecular formulas, sources, as well as main references of all the Gelsemium alkaloids reported in the literature to date are listed in Table I. 

The hasubanan alkaloids had been discussed as a subgroup of morphine alkaloids in Volume 13 of this treatise (/) until the succeeding review was published in 1977 (2) the two reviews cover the literature up to 1976. Since the... 

This chapter reviews recent findings about the health benefits of phytochemicals present in fruits, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and herbs, including phenolics, carotenoids, sterols, and alkaloids. These phytochemicals are extracted using emerging technologies such as supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) extraction, PEF, MWE, HPP, UE, and OH. The impact of important parameters related to sample preparation (particle size and moisture content) and extraction process (temperature, pressure, solvent flow rate, extraction time, and the use of a cosolvent) on the efficiency of extraction and on the characteristics of the extracted products is evaluated based on an extensive review of recent literature. The future of extraction of phytochemicals is certainly bright with the... 

This series in heterocyclic chemistry is being introduced to collectively make available critically and comprehensively reviewed literature scattered in various journals as papers and review articles. All sorts of heterocyclic compounds originating from synthesis, natural products, marine products, insects, etc. will be covered. Several heterocyclic compounds play a significant role in maintaining life. Blood constituent hemoglobin and purines as well as pyrimidines, are constituents of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA) are also heterocyclic compounds. Several amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, alkaloids, antibiotics, etc. are also heterocyclic compounds that are essential for life. Heterocyclic compounds are widely used in clinical practice as drugs, but all applications of heterocyclic medicines can not be discussed in detail. In addition to such applications, heterocyclic compounds also find several applications in the plastics industry, in photography as sensitizers and developers, and in dye industry as dyes, etc. 

With a morphine biosynthetic gene in hand, we believed we could begin to address the question why only P. somniferum produces morphine, while other Papaver species such as P. rhoeas, P. orientale, and P. bracteatum do not. Unexpectedly, we found that the codeinone reductase transcript was present to some degree in all four species investigated. A review of the literature revealed no alkaloids reported in P. rhoeas for which codeinone reductase should participate in the synthesis. Similarly, P. orientale accumulates the alternate morphine biosynthetic precursor oripavine, but codeinone reductase is not involved in the biosynthesis of oripavine, acting instead after this alkaloid along the biosynthetic pathway to morphine.22 P. bracteatum produces the morphine precursor thebaine as a major alkaloid. As for oripavine in P. orientale, codeinone reductase would act in P. bracteatum after thebaine formation on the pathway to morphine. It appears, therefore, that the reason that P. rhoeas, P. orientale, and P. bracteatum do not produce morphine is not related to the absence of the transcript of the morphine biosynthesis-specific gene codeinone reductase. The expression of codeinone reductase may simply be an evolutionary remnant in these species. 

The conversion of indole alkaloids to oxindole derivatives has been studied extensively. Since this review does not deal with the literature of oxindole alkaloids, only the most important transformations of the alkaloids having indo-loquinolizine as well as yohimbane skeletons are to be mentioned. 

Alkaloids from ants have been comprehensively reviewed in 1987 by Numata and Ibuka [115], in 1990 by Braekman and Daloze [116] and more recently by Leclercq et al. [114]. We will thus report only the literature that has been published since and until October 2003. 

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