Blood constituents

This series in heterocychc chemistry is being introduced to collectively make available critically and comprehensively reviewed hterature scattered in various journals as papers and review articles. All sorts of heterocyclic compounds originating from synthesis, natural products, marine products, insects, etc. will be covered. Several heterocyclic compounds play a significant role in maintaining life. Blood constituents hemoglobin and purines, as well as pyrimidines, are constituents of nucleic acid (DNA and RNA). Several amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, alkaloids, antibiotics, etc. are also heterocyclic compounds that are essential for life. Heterocyclic compounds are widely used in clinical practice as drugs, but all applications of heterocyclic medicines can not be discussed in detail. In addition to such applications, heterocyclic compounds also find several applications in the plastics industry, in photography as sensitizers and developers, and the in dye industry as dyes, etc. 

Kanke, M., MorUer, E., Geissler, R., Powell, D., Kaplan, A., and DeLuca, P. P., Interaction of microsheres with blood constituents. II. Uptake of biodegradable particles by macrophages, J. Parent. Sci. Technol., 40. 114, 1986. 

Bruenger, F. W., Atherton, D. R., Stevens, W. and Stover, B. J. (1971). Interaction between blood constituents and some actinides, page 212 in Research in Radiobiology, Report No. COO-119-244 (National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia). 

Two coagulation factors function uniquely in the extrinsic pathway factor III (tissue factor) and factor VII. Tissue factor is an integral membrane protein present in a wide variety of tissue types (particularly lung and brain). This protein is exposed to blood constituents only upon rupture of... 

The blood is generally warmed to 37 °C immediately prior to transfusion. Whole blood is often used to replace blood lost due to injury or surgery. The number of units (one unit equals approximately 510 ml) administered depends upon the health and age of the recipient, along with the therapeutic indication. Administration of whole blood may also be undertaken to supply a recipient with a particular blood constituent (e.g. a clotting factor, immunoglobulin, platelets or red blood cells). However, this practice is minimized, in favour of direct administration of the specific blood constituent needed. 

Buckley, W.T. and R.M. Tait. 1981. Chronic copper toxicity in lambs a survey of blood constituent responses. Canad. Jour. Anim. Sci. 61 613-624. 

Brechbuler, T., Kaeslin, M. and Wyler, F. (1984). Reference values of various blood constituents in young minipigs. J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 22 301-304. 

In one study we explored sixty items in a small group of alcoholics and nonalcoholic controls in the hopes of finding some metabolic peculiarities which might be associated with alcoholism-proneness.2 These sixty items included urinary constituents, salivary constituents, and blood constituents. There were six items which appeared to be significantly different for the two groups. Subsequently, more extensive investigations have indicated that certain of these items are, with even higher probability, distinctively different for alcoholics.3... 

Igarashi, Y. and Yatomi, Y., 1998, Sphingosine 1-phosphate is a blood constituent released from activated platelets, possible playing a variety of physiological and pathophysiological roles. Acta Biochim. Pol. 45 299-309. 

F2. Fawcett, J. K., and Wynn, V., Effects of posture on plasma volume and some blood constituents. J. Clin. Pathol, 13, 304-310 (1960). 

The drug is injected as a bolus or infused slowly directly into a vein to produce rapid action. It is also useful for certain irritant and hypertonic solutions, as they are rapidly diluted by the blood. Drugs in an oily vehicle or those which precipitate blood constituents or haemolyze erythrocytes should not be given by this route. 

Figure 3.10 Uptake of blood constituents by the mammary gland CoA, coenzyme A G-3-P, glycerol-3-phosphate FFA, free fatty acid FA, fatty acid TG, triglyceride, VLDL, very low density lipoprotein (from Hawke and Taylor, 1995).

In the hemofiltration HF (i.e., ultrafiltration see Section 8.3) of blood, using an appropriate membrane, all of the solutes in plasma below a certain molecular weight will pass into the filtrate at the same rate, irrespective of their molecular sizes, as occurs in the human kidney glomeruli. Since its first proposal in 1967 [14], HF has been studied extensively [15-17]. Although a dialysate solution is not used in HF, the correct amount of substitution fluid must be added to the blood of the patient, either before or after filtration, to replace all the necessary blood constituents that are lost in the filtrate. This substitution fluid must be absolutely sterile, as it is mixed with the patient s blood. For these reasons, HF is more expensive to perform than hemodialysis, and so is not generally used to the same extent. 

During lengthy swimming, the balance of blood constituents is soon upset in poor swimmers, while in good swimmers it persists for a long time... 

Small blood constituents formed from APUD cells which are involved in blood clotting. Platelets are also called thrombocytes. 

A recent study of the Conway method applied to whole blood (R2) stresses the importance of the ammonia derived from the breakdown of blood constituents in the highly alkaline diffusion medium and recommends a correction for this. It is suggested that two diffusions be performed, one for 40 and one for 80 minutes. The difference between the two values would represent the actual preformed ammonia of the blood. This problem has been discussed by others (B6, S3), as well as by Conway (C5). The requirement for a 40-minute diffusion in order to obtain a complete yield of ammonia from the sample is a major handicap of the Conway apparatus. The Seligson method requires only 10 to 20 minutes, resulting in much less time for artifact. The use of the titration of basic (R2) leads to the inclusion of much volatile base which is not ammonia, and much of the apparent formation of ammonia during diffusion is probably volatile amines, for it is not seen so constantly using Nesslerization methods. 

The wall of the BASYC tubes consists of BC loaded with water in the nanofiber network up to 99%. The hollow space of the material transports water, monovalent ions and small molecules, but not biopolymers or corpuscular blood constituents. The stored water not only stabilizes the cellulose network, but also contributes to the tissue- and hemocompatibility of the nanocellulose device. 

Blood is a multi-component system with formed elements of red and white blood cells as well as platelets, and a liquid fraction (plasma), each containing a vast array of biochemical constituents. The forensic serologist has chosen three classes of the blood constituents for their genetic information and use in individualization endeavors. These constituent classes are 1) the blood grouping and typing antigens, 2) the polymorphic enzymes and 3) the polymorphic proteins. 

The second main class of blood constituents used as genetic markers are the polymorphic enzymes. The enzymes of interest to the forensic serologist are primarily located within the red blood cell and are commonly referred to as isoenzymes. These can briefly be described as those enzymatically active proteins which catalyze the same biochemical reactions and occur in the same species but differ in certain of their physicochemical properties. (This description does not exclude the tissue isoenzymes that occur within the same organism however, our consideration deals only with those of the red blood cell in particular.) The occurrence of multi-molecular forms of the same enzyme (isoenzymes) has been known for several decades however, it was not until the Metropolitan Police Laboratory of Scotland Yard adapted electrophoretic techniques to dried blood analysis that these systems were catapulted to the prominence they presently receive (.2). For many of the forensic serologists in the United States, the use of electrophoresis and isoenzyme determination is a recently-inherited capability shared by only a few laboratories. 

Adhesives used in medical devices are tested for their effect on cells (cytotoxicity), blood constituents (hemolysis), and adjacent tissues, and for overall systemic effect. Several classes of biocompatibility testing exist. Adhesive suppliers, however, generally test to the following guidelines that have been established for toxicological properties and biocompatibility ... 

Medicinal products derived from human blood or human plasma means those based on blood constituents that are prepared industrially by public or private establishments, such as albumin, coagulation factors, and immunoglobulins of human origin. This definition reflects the way plasma derived medicinal products are manufactured in the European Union. This class of products may be produced by privately owned industry or by public organizations that are owned by the member state. 

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