Alkalis water soluble

Simple cyanides typically refer to alkali water-soluble salts, such as NaCN, KCN, Ca(CN)2, and Hg(CN)2, but also include several cyanide salts of alkali, alkaline earth, or heavy metals, that is, Zn(CN)2, Cd(CN)2, Ni(CN)2, and AgCN, of varying degrees of solubility. In water, NaCN and KCN will completely dissociate to give free cyanide. All simple cyanides ionize in water to release cyanide ion which, depending on pH, will form hydrocyanic acid. For sodium cyanide, the reaction proceeds as follows ... 

Simple cyanides typically refer to alkali water-soluble salts, such as NaCN, KCN, Ca(CN)2, and Hg(CN)2, but also include... 

White. No taste. No odor. A powder with no crystallization. Does not dissolve well in water. Dissolves in alkali water-soluble solutions, and dissolves relatively well in formic acid or dimethyl sulfoxide. Does not dissolve in other organic solvents. 

In the commercial extraction of alkaloids from the drugs in which they exist, the powdered drug, or an alcoholic extract of it, is treated with an alkali such as ammonia or lime to liberate the alkaloid and the alkaloid is then extracted by means of an organic solvent. The crude material thus obtained is purified and finally crystallized either as the base itself or as its water-soluble salts. 

Forms water-soluble alkali and alkaline earth metal salts. Heating with KCN gives benzonitrile and phenol is formed by fusion with NaOH or KOH. Further sulphonation at 250°C gives benzene-1,3-disulphonic acid. 

C7HgN402. Occurs to a small extent in tea, but is chiefly prepared synthetically. Like caffeine, it is a very weak base which forms water-soluble compounds with alkalis. It has a similar pharmacological mechanism to that of caffeine and is used, in combination with ethy-lenediamine. as a diuretic and a bron-chodilator. 

Physical Properties, Colourless solid when pure, usually pale brown. Sparingly soluble in cold water, soluble in hot water soluble also in cold mineral acids and caustic alkalis. Dissolves readily in cold alcohol, and solution possesses a faint blue fluorescence. 

Group II. The classes 1 to 5 are usually soluble in dilute alkali and acid. Useful information may, however, be obtained by examining the behaviour of Sails to alkaline or acidic solvents. With a salt of a water-soluble base, the characteristic odour of an amine is usually apparent when it is treated with dilute alkali likewise, the salt of a water soluble, weak acid is decomposed by dilute hydrochloric acid or by concentrated sulphuric acid. The water-soluble salt of a water-insoluble acid or base will give a precipitate of either the free acid or the free base when treated with dilute acid or dilute alkali. The salts of sulphonic acids and of quaternary bases (R4NOH) are unaflFected by dilute sodium hydroxide or hydrochloric acid. 

Bemoyl chloride may replace acetyl chloride as a class reagent it possesses the advantage that it is only very slowly decomposed by cold water and consequently may be employed for detecting alcohols even in aqueous solution. The reaction is usually carried out in aqueous solution containing sufficient caustic alkali to decompose any excess of benzoyl chloride into the water-soluble alkali benzoate (Schotten - Baumann reaction compare Section IV,52). The benzoyl esters formed are insoluble in water ... 

Salt Formation. Salt-forming reactions of adipic acid are those typical of carboxylic acids. Alkali metal salts and ammonium salts are water soluble alkaline earth metal salts have limited solubiUty (see Table 5). Salt formation with amines and diamines is discussed in the next section. 

Complex Ion Formation. Phosphates form water-soluble complex ions with metallic cations, a phenomenon commonly called sequestration. In contrast to many complexing agents, polyphosphates are nonspecific and form soluble, charged complexes with virtually all metallic cations. Alkali metals are weakly complexed, but alkaline-earth and transition metals form more strongly associated complexes (eg, eq. 16). Quaternary ammonium ions are complexed Htde if at all because of their low charge density. The amount of metal ion that can be sequestered by polyphosphates generally increases... 

Properties. HydroxyethjIceUulose [9004-62-0] (HEC), is a nonionic polymer. Low hydroxyethyl substitutions (MS = 0.05-0.5) yield products that are soluble only in aqueous alkali. Higher substitutions (MS > 1.5) produce water-soluble HEC. The bulk of commercial HEC falls into the latter category. Water-soluble HEC is widely used because of its broad compatibiUty with cations and the lack of a solution gel or precipitation point in water up to the boiling point. The MS of commercial HEC varies from about 1.8 to 3.5. The products are soluble in hot and cold water but insoluble in hydrocarbon solvents. HEC swells or becomes pardy to mosdy soluble in select polar solvents, usually those that are miscible with water. 

MethylceUulose with a methyl DS less than about 0.6 is alkali-soluble. Erom about 1.6 to 2.4, it is water-soluble (most commercial grades) above 2.4, it is soluble in a wide variety of organic solvents. MethylceUulose solutions in water start to gel at 55° C, independent of molecular weight. The gelation is a function of the DS, rate of heating, and type and amounts of additives such as salts. As the temperature increases, the viscosity initially decreases (typical behavior). When the gelling temperature is reached, the viscosity sharply rises until the flocculation temperature is reached. Above this temperature, the viscosity coUapses. This process is reversible with temperature (75). 

As may be expected of an amorphous polymer in the middle range of the solubility parameter table, poly(methyl methacrylate) is soluble in a number of solvents with similar solubility parameters. Some examples were given in the previous section. The polymer is attacked by mineral acids but is resistant to alkalis, water and most aqueous inorganic salt solutions. A number of organic materials although not solvents may cause crazing and cracking, e.g. aliphatic alcohols. 

Both acids and alkalis will adversely affect the material. Strong alkalis and acids will cause decomposition. The water absorption is high and consequently casein is easily stained. As a corollary to this it may be dyed without difficulty. Acidic and basic water-soluble dyes are normally used. Typical properties of casein plastics are given in Table 30.2. 

Group IIA metals inelude Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba and Ra whieh are grey, moderately-hard, high melting-point substanees. Like the alkali metals they attaek water to liberate hydrogen but with less vigour. The salts of the alkaline earths are generally less stable towards heat and water than those of alkali metals, and less water soluble. 

Gases or vapours that are water soluble or miscible or that are only soluble or highly reactive in other agents Absorption with multiple surface contact by atomizing liquid with spray nozzle or jet impaction Crabtree ozone analyser or midget venturi scrubber Water, acid, or alkali 5-25 60-100 Venturi scrubber satisfactory if dust is present Atomizer absorber will plug... 

Combustible gases or vapours that are not water soluble but are slowly reactive with absorbing agents Combustion and absorption Quartz or ceramic furnace with absorbers Water, acid, or alkali 1-5 90-100 Can also be used for organic halogenated fumes... 

Liquid spillages may be sueked up by pump and non-toxie solids ean be vaeuumed or brushed up (after wetting down where appropriate). Only small quantities of inert, water-soluble waste should be disearded to drains aeids and alkalis should first be neutralized. 

Usually alkaline NaOH is used as catalyst, in an amount up to one mole per mole phenol (molar ratio NaOH/P), which corresponds to approx. 10 mass% alkali in the liquid resin. The pH of a phenolic resin is in the range of 10-13. The biggest part of the alkali is free NaOH, a smaller part is present as sodium phenate. The alkali is necessary to keep the resin water-soluble via the... 

Nucleosides are much more water-soluble than the free bases because of the hydrophilicity of the sugar moiety. Like glycosides (see Chapter 7), nucleosides are relatively stable in alkali. Pyrimidine nucleosides are also resistant to acid hydrolysis, but purine nucleosides are easily hydrolyzed in acid to yield the free base and pentose. 

The colloidal palladium solution is prepared as follows A solution of a palladium salt is added to a solution of an alkali salt of an acid of high molecular weight, the sodium salt of protalbinic acid being suitable. An excess of alkali dissolves the precipitate formed, and the solution contains tine palladium in the form of a hydrosol of its hydroxide. The solution is purified by dialysis, and the hydroxide reduced with hydrazine hydrate. On further dialysis and evaporation to dryness a water-soluble product is obtained, consisting of colloidal palladium and sodium protalbinate, the latter acting as a protective colloid. 

To accelerate the polymerization process, some water-soluble salts of heavy metals (Fe, Co, Ni, Pb) are added to the reaction system (0.01-1% with respect to the monomer mass). These additions facilitate the reaction heat removal and allow the reaction to be carried out at lower temperatures. To reduce the coagulate formation and deposits of polymers on the reactor walls, the additions of water-soluble salts (borates, phosphates, and silicates of alkali metals) are introduced into the reaction mixture. The residual monomer content in the emulsion can be decreased by hydrogenizing the double bond in the presence of catalysts (Raney Ni, and salts of Ru, Co, Fe, Pd, Pt, Ir, Ro, and Co on alumina). The same purpose can be achieved by adding amidase to the emulsion. 

Consideration will first be given to the inorganic builders used to produce the base material. The pH values of several commonly used materials are shown in Table 11.1. Hydroxides are the simplest, strongest alkalis and most commonly used. A major effect of hydroxides in cleaning is saponification the conversion of certain oils and greases to water-soluble soap-type materials. Hydroxides also produce solutions of high conductivity, as required for electrocleaning. 

Tabushi, I. Yamamura, K. Water Soluble Cyclophanes as Hosts and Catalysts, 113,145-182 (1983). Takagi, M., and Ueno, K. Crown Compounds as Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metal Ion Selective Chromogenic Reagents. 121, 39-65 (1984). 

Discussion. The hydroxides of sodium, potassium, and barium are generally employed for the preparation of solutions of standard alkalis they are water-soluble strong bases. Solutions made from aqueous ammonia are undesirable, because they tend to lose ammonia, especially if the concentration exceeds 0.5M moreover, it is a weak base, and difficulties arise in titrations with weak acids (compare Section 10.15). Sodium hydroxide is most commonly used because of its cheapness. None of these solid hydroxides can be obtained pure, so that a standard solution cannot be prepared by dissolving a known weight in a definite volume of water. Both sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide are extremely hygroscopic a certain amount of alkali carbonate and water are always present. Exact results cannot be obtained in the presence of carbonate with some indicators, and it is therefore necessary to discuss methods for the preparation of carbonate-free alkali solutions. For many purposes sodium hydroxide (which contains 1-2 per cent of sodium carbonate) is sufficiently pure. 

Beef fat reacting to alkaline wood ashes led to the creation of the earliest soap, and it has been the cleaning product of choice for millennia. Soap is made from a fatty acid that is reacted with an alkali. The acid end of the fatty acid reacts with the alkali to form a salt that is water soluble. The other end is the fatty end, which repels water and is attracted to fats and oils. The process of making soap is called saponification. 

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