Mechanical, pharmacological

Nencini P, Ahmed AM, Anania MC, Moscucci M, Paroli E. (1984). Prolonged analgesia induced by cathinone. The role of stress and opioid and nonopioid mechanisms. Pharmacology. 29(5) 269-81. 

Osmotic diuretics are the only group of compounds whose action is not associated with a reaction to corresponding receptors, or with direct blocking of any renal transport mechanism. Pharmacological activity of this group depends solely on the osmotic pressure... 

Salmi, P. and Ahlenius, S., Evidence for functional interactions between 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptors in rat thermoregulatory mechanisms, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vol. 82, No. 3, 1998, pp. 122-127. 

These developments have been described and discussed in the reviews cited above which should be consulted for details, in particular as regards molecular biology, signal transduction mechanisms, pharmacological and physiological implications of the discovery of cannabinoid receptors [5-15],... 

This is most effectively achieved by physiological antagonism of bronchial muscle contraction, namely by stimulation of adrenergic bronchodilator mechanisms. Pharmacological antagonism of specific bronchoconstrictors is less effective either because individual mediators are not on their own responsible for a large part of the bronchoconstriction (acetylcholine, adenosine, leukotrienes) or because the mediator is not even secreted during asthma attacks (histamine). 

Molecular Mechanisms Pharmacological Modulation in Psoriasis John J. Voorhees 12, 162 ... 

Szallasi, A. and Blumberg, PM. (1999) Vanilloid (capsaicin) receptors and mechanisms. Pharmacological Rev, 51 159-211. 

Keywords Biologies Mechanisms Pharmacological Monoclonal antibodies Cardiotoxicity Superagonism... 

The action mechanism, pharmacology, and the side effects of some drugs used in tuberculosis treatment are described below. 

C7HgN402. Occurs to a small extent in tea, but is chiefly prepared synthetically. Like caffeine, it is a very weak base which forms water-soluble compounds with alkalis. It has a similar pharmacological mechanism to that of caffeine and is used, in combination with ethy-lenediamine. as a diuretic and a bron-chodilator. 

Identification of the mechanism by which Pron tosil combats bacterial infections was an early triumph of pharmacology a branch of science at the interface... 

The mechanism of action of nootropic agents has been proposed to be their abiUty to faciUtate information acquisition, consoHdation, and retrieval (36). No one particular effect has been observed with any consistency for these agents, thus whereas a considerable amount of diverse preclinical pharmacological behavioral data has been generated using these compounds, the significance of these results in predicting clinical efficacy has not been established (43,44). Reviews on the biochemical and behavioral effects of nootropics are available (45—47). 

OT receptors in the hypothalamus are regulated by steroids. OT systems in the CNS are involved in homeostasis, reproduction, and related behavior. OT is also excitatory to neurons in the CNS at nanomolar concentrations (86), but relatively Httle is known about neuronal mechanisms and pharmacology. 

Care should be exercised when attempting to interpret in vivo pharmacological data in terms of specific chemical—biological interactions for a series of asymmetric compounds, particularly when this interaction is the only parameter considered in the analysis (10). It is important to recognize that the observed difference in activity between optical antipodes is not simply a result of the association of the compound with an enzyme or receptor target. Enantiomers differ in absorption rates across membranes, especially where active transport mechanisms are involved (11). They bind with different affinities to plasma proteins (12) and undergo alternative metaboHc and detoxification processes (13). This ultimately leads to one enantiomer being more available to produce a therapeutic effect. 

Cardiac arrhythmias are an important cause of morbidity and mortality approximately 400,000 people per year die from myocardial infarctions (MI) in the United States alone. Individuals with MI exhibit some form of dysrhythmia within 48 h. Post-mortem examinations of MI victims indicate that many die in spite of the fact that the mass of ventricular muscle deprived of its blood supply is often quite small. These data suggest that the cause of death is ventricular fibrillation and that the immediate availability of a safe and efficacious antiarrhythmic agent could have prolonged a number of Hves. The goals of antiarrhythmic therapy are to reduce the incidence of sudden death and to alleviate the symptoms of arrhythmias, such as palpitations and syncope. Several excellent reviews of the mechanisms of arrhythmias and the pharmacology of antiarrhythmic agents have been pubflshed (1,2). 

The precise mechanism of nitrate action is not cleady understood and may be a combination of many factors. The basic pharmacologic action of nitrates is a relaxation of most vascular smooth muscle, eg, vascular, bronchial, gastrointestinal, uretal, uterine, etc. Vascular smooth muscle relaxation is a... 

Oxolamine [959-14-8] (57) is sold in Europe. It is an oxadiazole, and its general pharmacological profile is described (81). The compound possesses analgesic, antiinflammatory, local anesthetic, and antispasmodic properties, in addition to its antitussive activity. Although a central mechanism may account for some of the activity, peripheral inhibition of the cough reflex may be the dominant effect. The compound has been shown to be clinically effective, although it is less active than codeine (82,83). The synthesis of oxolamine is described (84). 

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