Solubility parameter tables

As may be expected of an amorphous polymer in the middle range of the solubility parameter table, poly(methyl methacrylate) is soluble in a number of solvents with similar solubility parameters. Some examples were given in the previous section. The polymer is attacked by mineral acids but is resistant to alkalis, water and most aqueous inorganic salt solutions. A number of organic materials although not solvents may cause crazing and cracking, e.g. aliphatic alcohols. 

It is again the specific cohesion energy UjV which determines the behaviour of the substances. The square root of the specific cohesion energy is also called the solubility parameter (Table 33). 

Available surface free energies for cellulose derivatives are even scarcer than solubility parameters (Table 9). The total surface free energy was generally assimilated to the surface tension of a polymer solution in the range of concentration independence, whereas the non-polar and polar contributions were obtained from contact angle measurements. 

Only a small portion of the organic substance may be extracted from the oil shale by organic solvents. Extraction using solvents with different solubility parameters 5, according to Hildebrandt, yields extracts, which have altered characteristics as a consequence of this solubility parameter (Table 4-146). The following solvents were used ... 

The most investigated family of polymeric plasticizers is polyethylene glycols (pegs). These linear polymers can have favourable solubility parameters (Table 5.2), and they are commercially available in a large range of... 

Table 7.1 collects atom and sub-group attraction forces commonly used to calculate a material s solubility parameters. Table 7.2 shows some material solubility... 

Sulfonation of PPO results in an increase in hydrophilicity of the modified polymer due to introduction of an electrophilic subsistent into the polymer backbone. Quantitatively, polymer hydrophilicity can be expressed by the magnitude of Hildebrand solubility parameter and the components of the Hansen solubility parameter. Table 2 presents the values of the above parameters calculated using a group contribution approach for HSPPO of different degrees of sulfonation [23]. 

The values of common hydrocarbon solubility parameters vary between 300 and 600 (kJ/m3) /2 Several tables are available where the solubility parameters are shown as (cal/cm ) / Jq convert these values, it is necessary to multiply by 64.69. Thus a solubility parameter value of 10 (cal/cm ) / jg equal to 646.9 (kJ/m ) / ... 

Table 8.2 Values of the Cohesive Energy Density (CED) for Some Common Solvents and the Solubility Parameter 6 for These Solvents and Some Common Polymers...

Table 3. Solubility Parameters of Acrylic Homopolymers Calculated by Small s Method ...

Table 1. Solubility Parameter Ranges for Some Commercial PVF and PVB Resins ...

Tables 5.4 and 5.5 predict that unvulcanised natural rubber (8 = 16.5) will be dissolved in toluene (8 = 18.2) and in carbon tetrachloride (8 = 17.5) but not in ethanol (8 = 26.0), all values being in units ofMPa. This is found to be true. Similarly it is found that there is a wide range of solvents for polystyrene in the solubility parameter range 17.2-19.7 MPa. ...

Table 5.5 Solubility parameters and partial polarities (P) of some common solvents...

As already mentioned molecules cohere because of the presence of one or more of four types of forces, namely dispersion, dipole, induction and hydrogen bonding forces. In the case of aliphatic hydrocarbons the dispersion forces predominate. Many polymers and solvents, however, are said to be polar because they contain dipoles and these can enhance the total intermolecular attraction. It is generally considered that for solubility in such cases both the solubility parameter and the degree of polarity should match. This latter quality is usually expressed in terms of partial polarity which expresses the fraction of total forces due to the dipole bonds. Some figures for partial polarities of solvents are given in Table 5.5 but there is a serious lack of quantitative data on polymer partial polarities. At the present time a comparison of polarities has to be made on a commonsense rather than a quantitative approach. 

Table S.6 Partitioned values of the solubility parameter (after Hansen )...

The solubility parameters of a number of commercial plasticisers are given in Table 5.7... 

From Table 5.7 it will be seen that plasticisers for PVC such as the octyl phthalates, tritolyl phosphate and dioctyl sebacate have solubility parameters within 1 cgs unit of that of the polymer. Dimethyl phthalate and the paraffinic oils which are not PVC plasticisers fall outside the range. It will be noted that tritolyl phosphate which gels the most rapidly with PVC has the closest solubility parameter to the polymer. The sebacates which gel more slowly but give products which are flexible at lower temperatures than corresponding formulations from tritolyl phosphate have a lower solubility parameter. It is, however, likely that any difference in the effects of phthalate, phosphate and sebacate plasticisers in... 

Table 5.7 Solubility parameters for some common plasticisers...

As an example of the use of Small s table the solubility parameter of polyfmethyl methacrylate) may be computed as follows ... 

Hence polyethylene will be more permeable to liquids of similar solubility parameter, e.g. hydrocarbons, than to liquids of different solubility parameter but of similar size. The permeabilities of a number of polymers to a number of gases are given the Table 5.77. ... 

It was pointed out in Chapter 5 that plasticisers were essentially non-volatile solvents. Consequently they were required to have solubility parameters close to that of the polymer and a molecular weight of at least 300. If the polymer or the plasticisers had a tendency to crystallise then there would need to be some sort of specific interaction between the polymer and the plasticiser. Tables 5.4 and 5.6 gave some figures for the solubility parameters of polymers and plasticisers. 

Since polyethylene is a crystalline hydrocarbon polymer incapable of specific interaction and with a melting point of about 100°C, there are no solvents at room temperature. Low-density polymers will dissolve in benzene at about 60°C but the more crystalline high-density polymers only dissolve at temperatures some 20-30°C higher. Materials of similar solubility parameter and low molecular weight will, however, cause swelling, the more so in low-density polymers Table 10.5). 

Table 12.3 Effect of solubility parameter of mbber on its effect on the impact strength of a PVC-rubber blend (5 parts rubber per 100 parts PVC) ...

The anomalous effect of the last two rubbers in the table with their low solubility parameters is possibly explained by specific interaction of PVC with carbonyl and carboxyl groups present respectively in the ketone- and fumarate-containing rubbers to give a more than expected measure of compatibility. It is important to note that variation of the monomer ratios in the copolymers and terpolymers by causing changes in the solubility parameter and eompatibility will result in variation in their effect on impact strength. 

The fluids have reasonably good chemical resistance but are attacked by concentrated mineral acids and alkalis. They are soluble in aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, which is to be expected from the low solubility parameter of 14.9 MPa. They are insoluble in solvents of higher solubility parameter such as acetone, ethylene glycol and water. They are themselves very poor solvents. Some physical properties of the dimethylsilicone fluids are summarised in Table 29.2. 

Large databases for the solubility parameter exist, most notably Barton s Handbook of Solubility Parameters and Other Cohesive Parameters [112], A small listing of values is given in Table 4. The units used are those of (J/cm ) / = (MPa) /, although the older literature uses units of (cal/cm ). The units are related by ... 

The morphology of a typical urethane adhesive was previously shown in Fig. 3. The continuous phase usually comprises the largest part of the adhesive, and the adhesion characteristics of the urethane are usually controlled by this phase. From a chemical standpoint, this continuous phase is usually comprised of the polyol and the small amount of isocyanate needed to react the polyol chain ends. A wide variety of polyols is commercially available. A few of the polyols most commonly used in urethane adhesives are shown in Table 2. As a first approximation, assuming a properly prepared bonding surface, it is wise to try to match the solubility parameters of the continuous phase with that of the substrate to be bonded. The adhesion properties of the urethane are controlled to a great extent by the continuous phase. Adhesion to medium polarity plastics, such as... 

Strictly speaking Eq. (8-51) should be applied only to reacting systems whose molecular properties are consistent with the assumptions of regular solution theory. This essentially restricts the approach to the reactions of nonpolar species in nonpolar solvents. Even in these systems, which we recall do not exhibit a marked solvent dependence, correlations with tend to be poor. - pp Nevertheless, the solubility parameter and its partitioning into dispersion, polar, and H-bonding components provide some insight into solvent behavior that is different from the information given by other properties such as those in Tables 8-2 and 8-3. 

Where, x,- is the volume fraction of component /, S, and S/ are the solubility parameters of the homogenous solvent mixture and the component i, respectively. The solubility parameters of some solvents that are widely used as the continuous medium in the dispersion polymerization are given in Table 6. 

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