Aliphatic organic chemicals

Aliphatic organofunctional silanes recommended as coupling agents for glass-reinforced polyesters, epoxies, or phenolics have heat stabilities of typical aliphatic organic chemicals and are not at all comparable to the methyl or phenyl silicones found in silicone polymers and resins. 

Rubber accelerators, a Du Pont chemist later recalled, marked the point at which Du Pont moved into new synthetic organic product lines that offered the opportunity of getting into new and relatively uncomplicated fields and growing up with them, instead of starting in the middle of a well established industry, as had been the case with the dye industry. Rubber accelerators still fell on the aromatic side of organic chemicals Du Pont would see its most spectacular developments in the newer aliphatic organic chemicals. 

Perhaps the automobile and other consumer goods might still have sparked a large demand for mass-produced aliphatic organic chemicals—the solvents and antifreeze and Bakelite radio knobs. Amid the vast output of aliphatic commodity chemicals, the relatively minuscule poundage of dyes and pharmaceuticals might not have been missed in a simple measure of volume. American manufacturers of Bakelite and the aliphatics plowed ahead into relatively new territory, sometimes ahead, behind, or equal to the German industry, but nearly always in a competitive position. 

Methyl alcohol (methanol) is the first member of the aliphatic alcohol family. It ranks among the top twenty organic chemicals consumed in the U.S. The current world demand for methanol is approximately 25.5 million tons/year (1998) and is expected to reach 30 million tons by the year 2002. The 1994 U.S. production was 10.8 billion pounds. 

A petrochemical is any chemical (as distinct from fuels and petroleum products) manufactured from petroleum (and natural gas) and used for a variety of commercial purposes (Table 3.8). The definition, however, has been broadened to include the entire range of aliphatic, aromatic, and naphthenic organic chemicals, as well as carbon black and inorganic materials such as sulfur and anunonia. Petroleum and natural gas are made up of hydrocarbon molecules, which comprise one or more carbon atoms to which hydrogen atoms are attached. Currently,... 

Caprolactam, mol wt 113.16, is a white, hygroscopic, crystalline solid at ambient temperature, with a characteristic odor. It is very soluble in water and in most common organic solvents and is sparingly soluble in high molecular weight aliphatic hydrocarbons. Molten caprolactam is a powerful solvent for polar and nonpolar organic chemicals. Selected physical properties and solubilities of caprolactam are listed in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. 

Hydrocarbon - An organic chemical compound containing the elements carbon and hydrogen. Aliphatic hydrocarbons are straight chain compounds and aromatic hydrocarbons are based on the cyclic or benzene ring. They may be gaseous, (methane, ethylene, butadiene) liquid (hexane, benzene) or solid (natural rubber, naphthalene, cis-polybutadiene). 

Organic chemicals that are susceptible to oxidation and are of concern from the perspective of contamination and environmental degradation include aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones phenols, polyphenols, and hydroquinones sulfides (thiols) and sulfoxides nitriles, amines, and diamines nitrogen and sulfur heterocyclic compounds mono- and di-halogenated aliphatics linear alkybenzene-sulfonate and nonylphenol polyethoxylate surfactants and thiophosphate esters. Table... 

Sabljic et al. (1990), using 50 data points for 15 diverse organic chemicals, found a good correlation of Kcw with third-order valence molecular connectivity (3%v) and the number of aliphatic hydroxyl groups (N0Haliphatic) ... 

More than 130 different organic chemicals are currently employed as herbicides in the U.S. All of the main families of organic compounds are represented aromatic, aliphatic, and heterocyclic. Herbicidal activity is found in a variety of classes of compounds haloaliphatic, phenoxy, and benzoic acids carbamates dinitroanilines acetanilides amino triazines quaternary pyridinium salts uracils and ureas. A few selected key examples are reviewed below. 

In the chemical industry chlorine is used for the production of various chemical compounds, such as hydrochloric acid, hypochlorites, chlorates, bleaching powder, aluminium chloride, corrosive sublimate, cupric chloride, carbon tetrachloride, tin recovery from used cans, sulphuryl chloride, for extraction of bromine from Stassfurt waste liquors, etc. In the organic chemical industry it is used for the chlorination of aliphatic and cyclic organic compounds, for the preparation of medicaments, the manufacture of plastics, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides. Monochloracetic acid, ethylene chlorhydrine, chloral, chlor-... 

Almost three thousand organic chemical products are currently derived from petrochemical sources. The commercial syntheses for all these products, however, can be traced back to one of six logical starting points. Consequently, this chapter has been subdivided according to the six major raw material sources chemicals derived from methane, those from ethylene, propylene, C4s, higher aliphatics, and the aromatics. 

Through organic chemical reactions, the aliphatic and aromatic substances in petroleum are changed into compounds used to manufacture many important products, some of which are shown here. 

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