Alcohols and related compounds

Alcohols and aldehydes have been used as antiseptics and disinfectants fur many ycars. Two of the mo.si commonly used antiseptics and disinfectants are ethyl and isopropyl alcohol. 

The commerce in. and use of. alcohol in the United States is. strictly controlled by the Treasury Department, which has provided the following definition for alcohol The term alcohol means that substance known as ethyl alcohol, hydrated oxide of ethyl, or spirit of wine, front whatever source or whatever process produced, having a proof of 160 or more and not including the substances commonly known as whiskey, brandy, rum. or gin.  

Denatured alcohol is ethanol that has been rendered unfit for use in intoxicating beverages by the addition of other substances. Completely denatured alcohol contains added wood alcohol (methanol) and benzene and is unsuitable for either internal or external use. Specially denatured alcohol is ethanol treated with one or more substances so that iks use may be permitted for a specialized purpose. Examples are iodine in alcohol for tincture of iixlinc. methanol, and other. substances in mouthwashes and aftershave lotiun.s. and methanol in alcohol for preparing plant extracts. 

The primary medicinal use of alcohol is external, us an antiseptic, preservative, mild countcrirritunt. or solvent. Rubbing alcohol is u.scd us an astringent, rubefacient, and a mild local anesthetic. The anesthetic effect is due to the evaporative refrigerant action of alcohol when applied to the skin. Ethanol has even been injetied near nerves and ganglia to alleviate pain, it has a low narcotic potency and has been used inlcmally in diluted form as a mild. sedative, a weak va.sodilator, and a carminative. 

Alcohol is metabolized in the human body by a s-eries of oxidations  

Various Italian ebuUioscopes were tested by Cusmano (1949). In the sweeter, more alcoholic wines the De Astis ebullioscope gave better results than the Malligand. An The alcohol content of wines is customarily expressed as per cent by volume. 

Venezia (1949) criticized Procopio s fornmla based on analysis of 54 wines, and Procopio (1950c) replied that the anomalous results are inconsequential. Analysis of 86 sweet wines of his own showed the ebullioscope value corrected by Procopio s formula to vary from —0.38 to +0.42, but 71 of the values were within 0.1. He gives further data in a later publication (1950d), using density and a table for calculating the correction. 

Further difficulties in determining the alcohol content of sweet wines using the ebullioscope were found by Tartaglia (1950). He also noted that the esters lowered the boiling point, and some of the difference between ebulliometric and distillation procedures could be traced to this. He doubted if a correction formula could be used. Jaulmes (1961) reported very variable results on the same wines according to the instrument used. 

Double ebullioscopes are on sale in this country, and Errichelli (1952) reported a new one in Italy. The advantage of these is that the boiling points of the water and the wine are determined at the same time. 

A spiral still, with three spirals in series, vertical axis, and eccentric movement, was proposed by Piazza and Rouzaut (1939) for the distillation of alcohol from wines. Results higher by 0.1% to 0.2% compared to those with the ebullioscope were obtained. Using the apparatus Rouzaut (1939) was able to obtain all of the alcohol in 7 minutes. Hanak (1932) proposed an all-glass apparatus which Colombier and Clair (1936) have adopted for the distillation of wines. The latter investigators claim results from 0.1% to 0.2% higher than with the usual apparatus. 

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The stereochemistry of the other pyrrolizidine alcohols and related compounds was determined on the basis of comparison of their configurations with those of the above basic compounds.2,45,81 For example, platynecine can be converted into (— )-isoretronecanol (134) under conditions which cannot affect the configuration at C-l, and 134 can then be transformed into (— )-heliotridane (135). On the basis of these data, the compounds can be named, respectively, as 1 -endo-hydroxymethylpyrrolizidine and 1 -ewdo-methylpyrrolizidine, and their diastereoisomers (- )-trachelanthamidine (136) and (— )-pseudoheliotridane (137) as I -exo-hydroxymethylpyrrolizidine and 1 -eso-methylpyrrolizidine. 

Harper DB, McRoberts WC, Kennedy JT (1996) Comparison of the Efficacies of Chloro-methane, Methionine, and S-Adenosylmethionine as Methyl Precursors in the Biosynthesis of Veratryl Alcohol and Related Compounds in Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Appl Environ Microbiol 62 3366... 

G. Magnusson, Rearrangements of Epoxy Alcohols and Related Compounds , Org. Prep. Proced. Int. 1990, 22, 547. 

REACTIONS OF ALKYL HALIDES, ALCOHOLS, AND RELATED COMPOUNDS... 

Thermodynamic Properties of Alcohols and Related Compounds in Water... 

J. R.. Tertiary alcohols and related compounds derived fh>m 2-dimethylaminomcthyl cyclohexanone, 7. Chem. Soc... 36.35, 1964. 

Some other alkynylcerium reagents have been generated and used for the synthesis of alkynyl alcohols and related compounds in good yields. An example is illustrated in Scheme 23. 

Yastrebova in 1970, the use of dialkyl l-(alkoxycarbonyl)methylphosphonates in Homer-Wadsworth-Emmons reactions has carefully been covered in several exhaustive and excellent reviews.All the factors governing the reaction (nature of the carbanion and carbonyl group, reaction conditions, mechanism, and stereochemistry) have been studied in depth. We invite the reader to refer to these papers. We discuss here the synthetic applications resulting directly from the use of dialkyl l-(alkoxycarbonyl)methylphosphonates, which is the pathway of choice for the preparation of a,P-unsaturated alcohols and related compounds via the a,P-unsaturated esters. 

This chapter focuses on the metal-catalyzed amination of alcohols and related compounds such as aminoalcohols, phenols and di- and polyhydroxy compounds. Details of the synthesis of amines with acidic catalysts, including zeolites, mixed oxides and metal phosphates, can be found elsewhere [3,5-7]. 

SURFACE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF ALCOHOLS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS. 

Dumas, working with the French apothecary Pierre Francois Guillaume Boullay, first proposed that the ethylene group (a two-carbon chain) could serve as the radical base for alcohol and related compounds. The concept of radicals received further support when Liebig and Wohler published their work on oil of bitter almonds. They found a family of compounds— benzoic acid, benzoin, benzaldehyde, benzoyl chloride, benzoyl bromide, benzoyl iodide, benzoyl cyanide, benzoyl... 

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