Alcohols and Related Substances

In crystalline alcohols the molecules are usually combined by hydrogen bonds to polymers of the type 

An example is the methanol crystal, which has such a structure,71 with O—distance 2.66 A at — 110°C. The hydrogen bonds form zigzag chains, as represented above. 

It is not necessary that many of these bonds be broken for the crystal to melt to a liquid containing long-chain74 or ring polymers—indeed, if the liquid contained only ring polymers, such as (ROH) , 

Pauling, Trans. IfUemat. Conf. on the Hydrogen Bond Ljubljana, Sept. 1957 L. Pauling and P. Pauling, unpublished research. 

The difference in the molal enthalpies of sublimation, 5.0 kcal/mole, may be accepted as an approximate value of the energy of the 0—H O bond in crystalline ethanol. 

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Insertion reactions of platinum(II) alkyl and aryl complexes (144, 153, 171), nucleophilic displacement of isocyanide from [Pt(PRj)2(CNCH3)2] (147) and additions of alcohols and related substances to isocyanides bonded to platinum (8, 9, 25, 33, 34, 100, 117) were discussed earlier. 

T ignin is one of the most abundant natural products constituting about one-fourth of the woody tissue in plants. Nature has chosen a unique synthetic technique to prepare this cross-linked polymeric material from coniferyl alcohol and related substances. The mechanism of lignin formation is not completely known yet, and the structural characterization of lignin has been only partially successful despite considerable research. 

Lignin or polymeric materials of coniferyl alcohol and related substances. 

Ill spite of their importance, basicity constants rarely figure in descriptions of alkaloids. Figures for a series of alkaloids and related substances were published by Kolthoff in 1925 and have been extensively used. Recently a few more have been added by Schoorl, and Adams and Mahan have provided figures for the whole group of necines, the amino-alcohols resulting from the hydrolysis of the pyrrolizidine group of alkaloids. ... 

Grant BF, Stinson FS, Dawson DA, et al Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Arch Gen Psychiatry 61 807-816, 2004b... 

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is based on the theoretical assumption that alcohol and other substance use problems are related to maladaptive so-... 

Cohn, E.J., McMeekin, T.L., Edsall, J.T., and Weare, J.H. Studies in the physical chemistry of amino acids, peptides and related substances. II. The solubility of a-amino acids in water and in alcohol-water mixtures, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 44(3) 451-460, 1922. 

The title phosphonate and related substances undergo thermal decomposition to B-acyl ketenes at temperatures in excess of 50°C. Thus thermolysis in the presence of alcohols, amines, a-hydroxy esters, and a-amino esters affords the corresponding g-keto esters and amides the latter two classes can be cyclized upon subsequent base treatment to unsaturated tetronic and tetramic acids and the related phosphonate reagents. ... 

Ketene [463-51-4] - [ACETIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES - ANHYDRIDE] (Vol 1) - [PROPYLALCOHOLS - ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL] (Vol 20) - [KETENES, KETENE DITffiRS AND RELATED SUBSTANCES] (Vol 14) - [MALONIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES] (Vol 15)... 

Ketene is an efficient acetylating agent with some alcohols, but in the absence of catalysts may be either nonreactive or sluggish with others, especially phenols and tertiary alcohols (72) (see Ketenes and related substances). 

The concentration of fats and related substances in molasses is low analytical values depend on the extracting solvent.126 These tenaciously retained materials can be removed by fractionation of blackstrap on fuller s earth clay.70 Chromatography on a calcium silicate of the fat fraction of Cuban molasses led to the isolation of melissyl alcohol, a phytosterol fraction, chlorophyll a and a fat fraction containing a glyceride of linoleic acid.70 Stigmasterol and syringic acid are reported as ether-extractable constituents of molasses.127... 

Langer and co-workers [24,25] converted alcohols and phenols prior to GC analysis into TMS ethers by the action of HMDS. The method using silylation with HMDS—TMCS (2 1) was used for the GC of ethylene and diethylene glycols on Apiezon L [26], glycerol on SE-30 [27], polyethers of glycols on XE-61 [28], hydroxystilbenes on SE-52 [29], some flavonoides and related substances on SE-30 [30], plant phenols and related substances on OV-1, OV-17 and OV-25 [31], anthocyanines on OV-225 [32] and amino-chromes on SE-30 [33], Different terpene alcohols were silylated by Seidenstucker [34] within 10 min by heating at 40-60°C with a 6—8-fold excess of TMS-acetamide. The separation was performed on a stainless-steel column (50 m X0.25 mm I.D.) coated with Apiezon L. 

British Pharmacepoeia (BP) and European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Applications of GC for the Assay Chromatographic Purity Identification Presence of Volatile Matter, Intermediates and Related Substances Organic Volatile Impurities Determination of Water Presence of Isomers and Racemate Ratios Determination of Alcohol and Miscellaneou s Uses of GC in Pharmaceutical Raw Materials and Dosage Forms. 

Behrens CH, Sharpless KB (1983) New transformations of 2,3-epoxy alcohols and related derivatives. Easy route to homochiral substances. Aldrichimica Acta 16 67-80... 

Knowledge — A SAP must have knowledge and clinical experience in the diagnosis and treatment of alcohol and controlled substances-related disorders. 

Trialkyloxonium fluoroborates Alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst 2.14 2.15.1 Exocyclic O-alkylation in mesoionic ring systems [92] Catechol and related substances N-Acyl derivatives, when these groups are to be preserved N-Deacylation ocairs [93, 94] Two electron donating functions in the aromatic ring are essential for the alkylation to occur possible risk of racemization of optically active substances... 

Lipids containing sphingosine frans-i>-etythro, i-dihydToy.y-2-ammo-A-octadecene) or a related amino alcohol are of minor importance in plants. Cerebrosides, ceramide, and phytoglycolipid and related substances have... 

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