Agriculture industry, application

The largest market for pesticides is agriculture. Industrial applications (e.g., weed killers for railway tracks) and turf, home, and garden applications... 

Enantiomeric separations have become increasingly important, especially in the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries as optical isomers often possess different biological properties. The analysis and preparation of a pure enantiomer usually involves its resolution from the antipode. Among all the chiral separation techniques, HPLC has proven to be the most convenient, reproducible and widely applicable method. Most of the HPLC methods employ a chiral selector as the chiral stationary phase (CSP). 

P. J. Barker, H. J. Stronks 1990, (Application of the low resolution pulsed NMR MINISPEC to analytical problems in the food and agriculture industries), in NMR Applications in Biopolymers, eds. 

In silt clay soils (0-30 cm) of Isfahan, Central Iran, the amount of EDTA-extractable Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Co and Cr were 3.2, 1.8, 2.6, 0.6, 0.16, 0.6 and 0.8 mg/kg, respectively (Khoshgoftarmanesh and Kalbasi, 2002). Concentrations of these trace elements increased in subsoils (30-60 cm) and increased with applications of municipal waste leachate. In the surface soils of agricultural, industrial and urban regions of Isfahan, central Iran, the average DTPA-Cd was 0.09 mg/kg, and about 80% of the soil samples had less than 0.1 mg/kg DTPA-extractable Cd (Amini et al., 2005). DTPA-Cd was strongly correlated with EC in the soils. 

The increase in environmental awareness and the acute effects of some toxic compounds have raised questions over the safety of using many chemicals invented for agricultural and industrial applications. A great deal of current research addresses the management and remediation of old contaminated sites. Recent concerns regard the safety of consumer chemicals, especially nanomaterials the effect of pharmaceuticals on ecosystems and the combined effect that chemical cocktails have on human and ecosystem health. 

Orchid Cellmark is focused on identity DNA testing services for both, human and agriculture applications. Specifically, in the DNA testing services are used for food safety and selective trait breeding in the agriculture industry. The patented SNP method employs DNA polymerase for carrying out the biochemical reactions, which lead to the identification of the SNP by isolating the site of a suspected SNP. 

The original applications of NIR were in the food and agricultural industries where the routine determination of the moisture content of foodstuffs, the protein content of grain and the fat content of edible oils and meats at the 1% level and above are typical examples. The range of industries now using the technique is much wider and includes pharmaceutical, polymer, adhesives and textile companies. The first in particular are employing NIR spectrometry for the quality control of raw materials and intermediates and to check on actives and excipients in formulated products. Figure 9.26(b) demonstrates that even subtle differences between the NIR spectra of enantiomers can be detected. 

Tuck G, Glending MJ, Smith P, House JI, Wattenbach M (2006) The potential distribution of bioenergy crops in Europe under present and future climate. Biomass Bioenergy 30 183-197 Vance ED, Mitchell CC (2000) Beneficial use of wood ash as an agricultural soil amendment case studies from the United States forest products industry. In Power JF, Dick WA (eds) Land application of agricultural, industrial and municipal by-products. SSSA, Madison, WI, pp 567-582... 

Application of the loss-on-drying method is found in the pharmaceutical, food, and agricultural industries. 3.6.1.2 Loss on Ignition... 

From the point of view of efficiency and application to the industrial production of optically pure compounds the chiral catalyst procedure is the methodology of choice. In this context. Sharpless asymmetric epoxidation and dihydroxylation, Noyori-Takaya s second generation asymmetric hydrogenations and Jacobsen s epoxidation [3] have had a tremendous impact in the last few years and they constitute the basis of the newly spawned "chirotechnology" firms, as well as of the pharmaceutical, fine chemical and agriculture industries. 

The phosphate manufacturing and phosphate fertilizer industry includes the production of elemental phosphorus, various phosphorus-derived chemicals, phosphate fertilizer chemicals, and other nonfertilizer phosphate chemicals [1-30], Chemicals that are derived from phosphorus include phosphoric acid (dry process), phosphorus pentoxide, phosphorus penta-sulfide, phosphoms trichloride, phosphorus oxychloride, sodium tripolyphosphate, and calcium phosphates [8]. The nonfertilizer phosphate production part of the industry includes defluori-nated phosphate rock, defluorinated phosphoric acid, and sodium phosphate salts. The phosphate fertilizer segment of the industry produces the primary phosphorus nutrient source for the agricultural industry and for other applications of chemical fertilization. Many of these fertilizer products are toxic to aquatic life at certain levels of concentration, and many are also hazardous to human life and health when contact is made in a concentrated form. 

Two broad areas of application for xylanolytic enzymes have been identified (1). The first involves the use of xylanases with other hydrolytic enzymes in the bioconversion of wastes such as those from the forest and agricultural industries, and in the clarification and liquification of juices, vegetables and fruits. For these purposes, the enzyme preparations need only to be filtered and concentrated as essentially no further purification is required. Several specific examples of applications involving crude xylanase preparations include bioconversion of cellulosic materials for subsequent fermentation (2) hydrolysis of pulp waste liquors and wood extractives to monomeric sugars for subsequent production of single cell protein (3-5). Xylose produced by the action of xylanases can be used for subsequent production of higher value compounds such as ethanol (6), xylulose (7) and xyIonic acid (8-9). 

A recently developed class of compounds called Super Slurpers based on starch- polyacrylonitrile copolymers are able to absorb as much as 500 to 1000 times their weight of water, depending on the purity of the water (19, 20, 21). The formation of these copolymers is catalyzed by Ce ion. These polymers were developed by the U.S, Department of Agriculture and have potential agricultural uses as water storage additives as well as obvious consumer and industrial applications. 

Uses. Most applications of MSC are for intermediates in the pharmaceutical, photographic, fiber, dye, and agricultural industries. There also are miscellaneous uses as a stabilizer, catalyst, curing agent, and chlorination agent. 

Chitosan, the most abundant marine mucopolysaccharide, is derived from chitin by alkaline deacetylation, and possesses versatile biological properties such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, and a non-toxic nature. Due to these characteristics, considerable attention has been given to its industrial applications in the food, pharmaceutical, agricultural, and environmental industries. Currently, chitosan can be considered as a potential marine nutraceutical because its remarkable biological activities have been investigated and reported, in order to exploit its nutraceutical... 

The trichloromethylthiocarboximides have been used for many years as agricultural fungicides they have more recently found industrial applications and are among the most stable biocides available. Both the dicarboximide (19) and the phthalimide (20) provide protection for plastics a purified form of (19) is also available and recommended as a fungicide for cosmetic preparations. 

Uses. The unique properties of xanthan gum make it suitable for many applications for the food, pharmaceutical, and agricultural industries (79). 

Solutions of rhamsan have high viscosity at low shear rates and low gum concentrations (90). The rheological properties and suspension capability combined with excellent salt compatibility, make it useful for several industrial applications including agricultural fertilizer suspensions, pigment suspensions, cleaners, and paints and coatings. 

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