Leachates municipal waste

TABLE 25-72 Typical Leachate Quality of Municipal Waste... 

Sabel GV, Clark TP. 1984. Volatile organic compounds as indicators of municipal solid waste leachate contamination. Waste Manag Res 2 119-130. 

Chemical compatibility tests using U.S. EPA Method 909040 should always be performed for hazardous waste sites, but some municipal waste sites also contain hazardous, nondegradable materials. U.S. EPA conducted a 5-year study of the impact of municipal refuse on commercially available liner materials and found no evidence of deterioration within that period. However, in a current study of leachate quality in municipal landfills, the Agency has discovered some organic chemical constituents normally found in hazardous waste landfill facilities. Apparently, small quantities of household hazardous waste enter municipal sites or are disposed of as small quantity generator wastes. As a result of these findings, U.S. EPA developed a position on the need for chemical compatibility tests for thousands of municipal waste disposal sites. 

Heavy metals have the potential to enter the water supply from the leachate or runoff from landfills. It is estimated that nonrecycled lead-acid batteries produce about 65% of the lead in the municipal waste stream. When burned, some heavy metals such as mercury may vaporize and escape into the air, and cadmium and lead may end up in the ash, making the ash a hazardous material for disposal. 

In silt clay soils (0-30 cm) of Isfahan, Central Iran, the amount of EDTA-extractable Zn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Cd, Co and Cr were 3.2, 1.8, 2.6, 0.6, 0.16, 0.6 and 0.8 mg/kg, respectively (Khoshgoftarmanesh and Kalbasi, 2002). Concentrations of these trace elements increased in subsoils (30-60 cm) and increased with applications of municipal waste leachate. In the surface soils of agricultural, industrial and urban regions of Isfahan, central Iran, the average DTPA-Cd was 0.09 mg/kg, and about 80% of the soil samples had less than 0.1 mg/kg DTPA-extractable Cd (Amini et al., 2005). DTPA-Cd was strongly correlated with EC in the soils. 

Khoshgoftarmanesh A.H., Kalbasi M. Effect of municipal waste leachate on soil properties and growth and yield of rice. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 2002 33 2011-2020. 

Municipal solid waste (MSW), 25 864 as biomass, 3 684 cadmium in, 4 489-490 characteristics of leachates in, 25 867t characterizing, 25 866-869 collection of, 25 869-870 composition analysis for, 27 365t ferrous scrap in, 27 411 incineration of, 25 872-873 mixed, 27 367-369 preparation of, 27 367-369 processing, 27 364-371 quantity and composition of, 27 362-364 recovery rates for, 27 364, 366-367t recycled, 27 360, 362-371 toxic chemicals in, 25 875-876 Municipal waste sludge, as biomass, 3 684 Municipal water, for aquaculture, 3 198 Municipal water softening methods,... 

In 1980, 2.8 million tons of municipal solid waste was burned in the USA, yielding approximately 33% municipal waste combustion (MWC) ash. By 1990, the amount burned had increased to 32 million tons, creating approximately 25% of MWC ash or residue [265-267]. Controlled combustion of municipal solid waste produces two types of ash fly and bottom ash. Most MWC ash (80-99%) is bottom ash however, it usually contains a high percentage of toxic materials, and the leachates may not meet environmental standards. 

Brown KW, Donnelly KC. 1988. An estimation of the risk associated with the organic constituents of hazardous and municipal waste landfill leachates. Hazardous Waste and Hazardous Materials 5 1-30. 

Geomembranes are giant impermeable membranes made of (un)reinforced polymeric materials and used to stabilize earth and to secure landfills ensuring containment of hazardous or municipal wastes and their leachates. Functionalities are varied ... 

Shih and Lin (2003) investigated the solidification/stabilization of arsenic-rich flyash from an abandoned copper smelter in northern Taiwan. The flyashes (2-40 % total arsenic, mostly as As(III)) were collected from three flue gas discharge tunnels. Extremely high cement dosages (cement/waste mass ratio of greater than 6) were required to stabilize the wastes so that they would pass the US TCLP for arsenic (<5 mg L 1 Appendix E). (The TCLP is often used in research outside of the United States.) Cement dosages could be reduced and the mixtures would still pass the TCLP for both arsenic and lead if municipal waste incinerator flyash was added. Lime alone was able to stabilize arsenic and pass the TCLP however, the leachates exceeded the TCLP lead standard of 5mgL 1. The immobilization of arsenic in lime may be due to the formation of sparsely water-soluble calcium arsenites and arsenates, such as CaHAsC>3 //1LO or Ca3(AsC>4)2 H20, where n > 0 (Shih and Lin, 2003, 692). 

Traditional landfill presents several disadvantages since the space available for landfill has become scarce. In addition, municipal waste has to be transported over increasing distances with associated wastage of energy [3]. Leachates from unprepared landfills may contain hazardous levels of substances such as ammonium salts, heavy metals and organic chemical waste that may contaminate the air, soil and ground water [4] and thus may affect crops and secondary animals and man [3, 4, 5, 6, 7]. 

Franke, M., Jandl, G, and Leinweber, P. (2007). Analytical pyrolysis of re-circulated leachates Towards an improved municipal waste treatment. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 79, 16-23. 

EPA. 1990a. Characterization of municipal waste combustion ash, ash extracts, and leachates. 

Phenols and substituted phenols such as chlorinated phenols and related aromatic compounds are known to be usual components of industrial wastes. Some of the larger and more common sources of wastewater containing phenolic compounds are pulp and paper mills, petrochemical refineries, plastics and glue manufacturers, coke plants, food industries and leachate from municipal waste dumps (Rao et al. 2002). Many phenolic compounds are thought to be highly toxic and carcinogenic so they are considered to be priority pollutants. 

Kjeldsen P., Grundtvig A., Winther P., and Andersen J. S. (1998a) Characterization of an old municipal landhll (Grindsted, Denmark) as a groundwater pollution source landhll history and leachate composition. Waste Manage. Res. 16, 3-13. 

Industrial Solid Waste (ISW) and Municipal Waste Leachate... 

A large, deep cavern (formed from a salt dome) located north of Houston, Texas, has been proposed as an ultimate disposal site for both solid hazardous and municipal wastes. Preliminary geological studies indicate that there is little chance that the wastes and any corresponding leachates will penetrate the cavern walls and contaminate adjacent soil and aquifers. A risk assessment analysis was also conducted during the preliminary study and the results indicate that there was a greater than 99% probability that no hazardous and/or toxic material would meander beyond the cavern walls during the next 25 years. 

For both hazardous and municipal wastes, there has been a trend in recent years from numerous, widely dispersed, small disposal sites to few and larger sites. This strategy should be used with extreme caution, especially if both large and small sites are judged by the same design standards. The authors believe that the use of performance standards rather than design standards are essential under these circumstances. The attenuation capacity of any geologic materials has a limit which, if exceeded by the volume of leachate that enters the material, will allow contaminants to pass almost unretarded. Unfortunately, there are insufficient data on the attenuation capacities of... 

The major sources of PCDD and PCDF in the Great Lakes basin are low temperature municipal waste and sewage sludge incinerators, and leachate from past disposal practices, some of which were designed to contain wastes (6). All of these current source types are the result of engineering treatment designed to reduce the concentration of these compounds in discharges to water bodies. 

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