Affective communication

The most basic and common type of communication is affective communication, where we express a primary emotional state with external means. A good example of this is the expression of pain, where we might let out a yeU or cry upon hurting ourselves. A defining characteristic of this type of coimmmication is that the intensity of the external 

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Alterations of water flow, independent of the cause, impact the stmcture and function of aquatic ecosystems. Extended drought produces the loss of hydrologic connectivity between stream compartments, and affects the biota. Therefore, flow cessation triggers a chain of cascading effects, eventually affecting community structure and ecosystem functioning. 

Daily additions of 10 pg/L for 8 days reduced algal growth rate and carbon uptake inhibition persisted for 2 18 h and did not affect community composition 2... 

Fast and reliable modelling of the accident impact, not only a major accident but also of chemical terrorism, is important for early and correct protection of the affected community, from warning through protection to treatment. 

Major and minor plant nutrients—how they are transported to the euphotic zone, affect community structure, and how these processes are influenced by natural and anthropogenic changes. 

Use of crack declined in the 1990s due to crackdowns on street traffickers, the outrage of ordinary people in affected communities, and perhaps also because even confirmed drug users began to stay away from a drug known to be a particularly fast route to self-destruction. 

A topic linked to ethics but with its own issues and strategies is communication. The committee is convinced that communication starts with the study proposal and continues through study design. Each of the many constituencies associated with a proposed study requires careful consideration in planning communication strategy and content. Most biomonitoring studies will eventually have applications, and researchers need to anticipate potentially affected communities and plan for communication with them. 

The Navy is well equipped to design, implement, and conduct epidemiological studies that focus on various reproductive and developmental outcomes. Such studies should include male and female military and civilian personnel as well as other populations at risk (e.g., partners of naval personnel and residents of communities affected by naval operations). Naval ships provide a unique opportunity to study a well-defined population, and one in which many confounders that affect community or occupational studies (e.g., lifestyle factors thought to affect reproductive health such as alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking) can be documented. As such, the Navy is well suited to conduct surveillance, record linkage, and etiological studies. 

Contamination affecting community water supplies, food additives, or household chemicals is an important source of solvent exposure. Well-water sampling, both in... 

Disasters affect communities and their populations in different ways. Damaged and collapsed buildings are evidence of physical destruction. Roads, bridges, tunnels, rail lines, telephone and cable lines, and other transportation and communication links are often destroyed. Public utilities (e.g., water, gas, electricity, and sewage disposal) may be disrupted. A substantial percentage of... 

Disasters may cause premature deaths, illnesses, and injuries in the affected community, generally exceeding the capacity of the local health care system. 

Disasters may affect the psychological, emotional, and social well-being of the population in the affected community. Depending on the specific nature of the disaster, responses may range from fear, anxiety, and depression to widespread panic and terror. 

When crisis strikes, most people look to the news media for information about the extent and details of the threats or disasters at hand, for blow-by-blow accounts of important developments, and, depending on the nature of the calamity, for instructions of what to do and what not to do. This attention offers crisis managers and response professionals the opportunity to communicate information and messages to the directly affected communities and to the larger national, sometimes even international, audience as well. Indeed, as soon as citizens become aware of impending or actual disasters, such as devastating hurricanes or floods, they tend to turn first... 

Describe rapid environmental assessment (REA) as a methodology for data collection in a disaster-affected community. 

Assessing the affected community for the presence (or absence) of the basic fundamentals for health— clean water, safe food, sanitation, and shelter. 

The recovery phase of a burn MCI should aim to return the affected community to its predisaster state. Buildings and infrastructure that have been damaged by the incident should be repaired or removed if damage is too severe. The American Red Cross has traditionally reached out to those involved in fire-related disasters by helping them access available resources to meet their needs. Psychological effects on those affected may... 

Environmental emergencies involving the release, or threatened release, of oil, radioactive materials, or hazardous chemicals potentially may affect communities and the surrounding environment. Releases may be accidental, as in the case of a spill at a chemical plant, or may be deliberate. Releases may also be caused by natural disasters. Environmental emergencies may progress to become disasters. 

They noted that effective supply systems and logistics are key to efficient disaster management At times of major disasters, adequate logistic support must be made available so that disaster response assistance—whether in-country or international—is self-sufficient It is unacceptable for it to impose burdens on affected communities (or on personnel in the front line who are trying to provide assistance). Excessive supervisory visits should also be discouraged. 

All health humanitarian actors need to become fully transparent in terms of the standards of performance to which they aspire, the responsibilities they accept, the accountability principles that they apply, the extent to which they encourage participation of affected communities and the professional ethics that they adopt. 

A key goal of ionospheric modeling efforts is to determine from meteor observations the influx of extraterrestrial matter, and how the matter that is deposited between altitudes of 80 and 120 km couples to ionospheric disturbances such as sporadic E layers that seriously affect communications... 

In an outbreak in Egypt during 1988-93, 32 cases of poho were associated with vaccine-derived poliovirus type 2 (27). Nucleotide sequence analysis performed during 1999 showed that all isolates were related (93-96% similarity) to the OPV 2 vaccine strain. The isolates were not related (less than 81% similarity) to the wild poliovirus type 2 that had been indigenous in Egypt. OPV was probably low in the affected communities. 

US EPA says equal access to decisions means (1) potentially affected community residents have an appropriate opportunity to participate in decisions about a proposed activity that will affect their environment and/or health (2) the public s contribution can influence the regulatory agency s decision (3) the concerns of all participants involved will be given serious consideration in the decision-making process and (4) the decision-makers will seek out and facilitate the involvement of those who will likely be affected. 

Identifying health concerns of the affected community. The nature and degree of the residents health concerns will vary from site to site. However, addressing the health concerns of the community is crucial if the health assessment is to satisfy its purpose of helping the public and health professionals understand the risks posed by a site. 

The Seveso disaster began on July 10, 1976 at the Industrie Chimiche Meda Societa Azionaria (ICMESA) chemical plant in Meda, Italy. This event became internationally known as the Seveso disaster, after the name of the most severely affected community. An increase in pressure due to an exothermic reaction in a 2,4,5-trichlorophenol-production reactor caused the rupture disk of the safety valve to burst. About 3000 kg of chemicals were released into the air. The release included 2,4,5-trichlorophenol, used in the manufacture of herbicides, and possibly up to 30 kg of the dioxin TCDD (2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxin). Dioxin first came to widespread public notice during the Vietnam War, when it was identified as a component of the defoliant Agent Orange. Dioxin has also been considered to be the most toxic human-made substance. 

Innovative methods for analyzing the cumulative and interactive effects of various hazards, for examining impacts on populations and systems, and the impacts of hazards on vulnerable and disproportionately affected communities ... 

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