Cascade effects

The momentum of a fast-moving atom or ion is di.ssipated by collision with the closely packed molecules of the liquid target. As each collision occurs, some of the initial momentum is transferred to substrate molecules, causing them in turn to move faster and strike other molecules. The result is a cascade effect that ejects some of the substrate molecules from the surface of the liquid (Figure 4.2). The process can be likened to throwing a heavy. stone into a pool of water — some... 

If the temperature were raised, more molecules would attain the excited state, but even at 50,000°C there would be only one excited-state atom for every two ground-state atoms, and stimulated emission would not produce a large cascade effect. To reach the excess of stimulated emissions needed to build a large cascade (lasing), the population of excited-state molecules must exceed that of the ground state, preferably at normal ambient temperatures. This situation of an excess of excited-state over ground-state molecules is called a population inversion in order to contrast it with normal ground-state conditions. 

The situation may have a cascading effect until all the machines fall out, resulting in a total blackout. 

Cascading effects Check valve Clogged (of filter) Consensus standard Conservation vent Dike, berm Discharge valve Division (in electrical area classification) Downspout Expansion joint Explosion proof Faucet... 

This cascading effect may have been best demonstrated from interdisciplinary research addressing the consequences of chronic oxidant air pollution exposure to the mixed conifer forests of the San Bernardino Mountains of Southern California. Miller et al. (76) reported that chronic exposure to oxidant air pollutants resulted in decreased photosynthetic capacity, premature... 

Alterations of water flow, independent of the cause, impact the stmcture and function of aquatic ecosystems. Extended drought produces the loss of hydrologic connectivity between stream compartments, and affects the biota. Therefore, flow cessation triggers a chain of cascading effects, eventually affecting community structure and ecosystem functioning. 

Fig. 11 Schematic representation of cascade effects of climate change on reservoir water quality (expressed as anoxia extent)...

Effect of the various processing steps FIGURE 30.3 Stream or cascade effects in rubber processing. 

Assuming the contribution of the potential energy curves which have not been taken into account to be almost constant with the collision energy, such calculations could provide a relative estimate of the variation of the double capture cross-sections with the collision energy. The results presented in Fig. 7 seem to be coherent with this hypothesis and to corroborate a cascade effect for the double electron capture process. 

As 6 actions continue, such "cascade effects" as the PCB situation will be seen the first stages impacted will be the manufacturer whose product line will be modified. The next level of effect will be the user industries who are the primary consumers the final economic impact will fall on the consumer of the product or service. 

The Center for Policy Alternatives at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, under contract to the EPA, observed that regulation may affect industry in areas such as profitability, growth, imports, exports, employment and technological innovation.(3 From the Coatings and Resins perspective, direct impacts on innovation have had a cascading effect on the other areas with the exception of direct employment costs associated with compliance. 

These associational defenses are examples of a mechanism that is to date underexplored in tropical regions and that probably represents one of the most important cascading effects of chemically defended macroalgae on community structure. Thus, chemically defended macroalgae can act as local biodiversity centers, by increasing the coexistence of species under their chemical defense umbrellas. 

A proportional counter consists of a tube filled with a gas such as xenon, with positive and negative electrodes. The negative electrode is a thin wire maintained at a potential around -2 kV. Incoming photons ionise gas molecules. These drift towards the negative electrode, until the field enhancement around the thin wire is sufficient to multiply them by the cascade effect, and cause a charge pulse on the wire. The pulse is quenched by the addition of a quench gas, normally a halogen or hydrocarbon which reacts with the ions and stops the cascade. 

The demand for more ADME data has cascading effects that impact on several key groups within the pharmaceutical industry. It is likely in today s push for more and... 

The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system is designed to create airflow, which has a cascading effect. It provides a pressure differential between the aseptic filling suites (critical/controlled access areas, class 100 level I and level II and the sterile storage unit of at least 15 Pa. In addition, a pressure differential is maintained between the sterile storage area (controlled access area, class 100, level II) and the controlled areas (class 10,000 and class 100,000) of at least 20 Pa at all times. 

Clot formation involves the activation of various clotting factors circulating in the bloodstream.108,135 The clotting factors are proteolytic enzymes synthesized in the liver that remain inactive until there is some injury to a blood vessel. Blood vessel damage begins a cascade effect, whereby one of the clotting factors is activated, which leads to the next factor s activation, and so... 

---