Impact accidents

One reason is that the sensitivities of dynamites were lower than those of the slurry explosives or ANFO. But one must be careful, even if insensitive slurry explosives or ANFO with detonators are misfired and remain, because impact accidents between drill bits and the explosives might still occur. 

Social impacts, including health impacts, accident risks, effect on work environment and satisfaction of human needs. 

Impact accidents involve a worker being struck by or striking against an object. Impact accidents are more frequent during turnarounds when a lot of equipment is being moved, lifted, and transferred around. The next most prominent cause of work injuries is falls. Operators, instrument technicians, and analyzer technicians do a lot of climbing on towers... 

Impact Accidents—Involve a worker being struck by or against an object. 

Cask lid bolts do not all break- This structural feilure probability is 5.0E-02 per demand from page 27 of (Mahn et al. 1995). Structural analyses have shown the weak link to cask retention of its lid and radioactive contents is the strength of the lid attaching bolts in various impact accidents. For this reason, only failure of the cask lid retention boKs is considered in the ET analysis. 

Do we use any materials in the supply chain that can cause major impacts/accidents ... 

The insurance loss experience for an organization is closely related to its safety performance. An understanding of how insurance premiums are calculated and the type of impact accidents can have upon premiums can provide the safety manager with an additional method for measuring safety performance. Along with measures of lost workdays and recordable accidents, insurance industry measures should also be part of the safety performance measurement and improvement process. Examples of quantifiable insurance markers that are indicative of safety performance are loss ratios, experience modification rates, and expense ratios. These insurance industry measures are yet another type of performance measure available to the safety professional. 

Other behavior type models have also become popular. The life-changing units theory surmised that accident potential is situational and that those persons exposed to certain stresses or events, such as the death of a spouse, were more open to accidents. Peterson s motivation and reward satisfaction model theorized that the ability to perform the work and level of motivation impacted accident liability, hi this model, fectors such as happiness, job advancement, and other intrinsic and extrinsic reward impacted motivation. Human factor models also developed. Dr. Russell FerreU from the University of Arizona formulated the Ferrell theory. This model theorized three overall situations that lead to human error that are in a causal chain leading to an accident... 

Danelson KA, Golman AJ, Kemper AR, Gayzik FS, Gabler HC, Duma SM, et al. Finite element comparison of human and Hybrid III responses in a frontal impact. Accid Anal Pre 2015 December 85 125-56. 

In addition to the traditional in-plant (internal) initiators discussed above, there are external initiators that can occur with variable magnitudes. Hazard analyses are performed to assess the likelihood of such events as functions of their magnitudes. Such analyses may indicate that the risk contribution of some initiators is clearly negligible. For example, the frequency of aircraft-impact damage to any one of the vulnerable structures whose failure could lead to core melt is often found to be much lower (e.g., by a factor of 100) than the frequency of other large external events, such as earthquakes. (If the consequences of severe accidents induced by aircraft impact are comparable to those for severe accidents induced by more likely external events, then detailed assessments of aircraft-impact accidents may be unnecessary.) Some unique characteristics of particular initiators are discussed in more detail below. 

E. Scott Geller. A Delayed Reward Strategy for Large-Scale Motivation of Safety Belt Use A Test of Long-Term Impact Accident Analysis and Prevention 16 (OctyDec. 1984) 457-463. For similar results of other incentive programs see Highway Safety 84 p. 23. 

Exploration activities are potentially damaging to the environment. The cutting down of trees in preparation for an onshore seismic survey may result in severe soil erosion in years to come. Offshore, fragile ecological systems such as reefs can be permanently damaged by spills of crude or mud chemicals. Responsible companies will therefore carry out an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) prior to activity planning and draw up contingency plans should an accident occur. In Section 4.0 a more detailed description of health, safety and environmental considerations will be provided. 

Automotive and architectural laminates of PVB develop maximum impact strength near 20°C, as shown in Figure 2. This balance is obtained by the plasticizer-to-resin ratio and the molecular weight of the resins. It has been adjusted to this optimum temperature based on environmental conditions and automobile population at various ambient temperatures. The frequency and severity of vehicle occupant injuries vs temperature ranges at the accident location have been studied (5), and the results confirm the selection of the maximum performance temperature and decreasing penetration resistance at temperature extremes. 

Loss of containment due to mechanical failure or misoperation is a major cause of chemical process accidents. The design or storage systems should be based on minimizing the hkelihood of loss of containment, with the accompanying release of hazardous materials, and on limiting the amount or the release. An effective emergency response program that can reduce the impacts of a release should be available. 

Sometimes the expected consequences of an accident alone may provide you with sufficient information for decision-making purposes. Conventionally, the form of these estimates will be dictated by the purpose (concern) of the study (safety, economics, etc.). Absolute consequence estimates are best estimates of the impacts of an accident and, like frequency estimates, may have considerable uncertainty. Table 4 contains examples of typical consequence estimates obtained from QRA. These examples point to the difficulty in comparing various safety and economic results on a common basis—there is no common denominator. 

Consequence Phase 3 Develop Detailed Quantitative Estimate of the impacts of the Accident Scenarios. Sometimes an accident scenario is not understood enough to make risk-based decisions without having a more quantitative estimation of the effects. Quantitative consequence analysis will vary according to the hazards of interest (e.g., toxic, flammable, or reactive materials), specific accident scenarios (e.g., releases, runaway reactions, fires, or explosions), and consequence type of interest (e.g., onsite impacts, offsite impacts, environmental releases). The general technique is to model release rates/quantities, dispersion of released materials, fires, and explosions, and then estimate the effects of these events on employees, the public, the facility, neighboring facilities, and the environment. 

Initiating Event Feed Shuts Off Reactor Dump Works Accident Sequence Number Frequency (events/yr) Consequence (impacts/event)... 

Figures 12 and 13 illustrate two of the more commonly used methods for displaying societal risk results (1) an F-N curve and (2) a risk profile. The F-N curve plots the cumulative frequencies of events causing N or more impacts, with the number of impacts (N) shown on the horizontal axis. With the F-N curve you can easily see the expected frequency of accidents that could harm greater than a specified number of people. F-N curve plots are almost always presented on logarithmic scales because of...

A graphical illustration of the cumulative frequency (F) of accidents resulting in a consequence of greater than or equal to N impacts. A way of illustrating societal risk... 

Program created for DOT, EPA, and FEMA to aid emergency preparedness personnel in assessing the sequence and nature of events that may follow an accident. ARCHIE incorporates several estimation methods that may be used to assess the vapor discharge, fire, and explosion impacts associated with episodic discharges of hazardous materials. 

Calculates impact of gaseous releases under routine or accident conditions. 

Inherently safer strategies can impact the accident process at any of the three stages. The most effective strategies will prevent initiation of the accident. Inherently safer design can also reduce the potential for propagating an accident, or provide an early termination of the accident sequence before there are major impacts on people, property, or the environment. 

Because the hazard is still present, there is always a danger that its potential impacts could be realized by some unanticipated route or mechanism. Nature may be more creative in inventing ways by which a hazardous event can occur than experts are in identifying them. Accidents can occur by mechanisms that were unanticipated or poorly understood. 

An applicant for a construction permit files a Preliminary Safety Analysis Repori (PSAR) presenting design criteria and preliminary design information, hypothetical accident analyses, safety features, and site data. An Environmental Report (ER) must be submitted to evtiluatc the env ironmental impact of the proposed facility, and information must be submitted to the. Uornev Cieneral and the NRC staff for antitrust review. 

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