Adipogenic

Neuss and coworkers have reported the possibility of SMPs using PCL dimethacrylate copolymers as cellular scaffold for tissue engineering. Behaviors of different cells from three different species (human mesenchymal stem cells, human mesothelial cells, and rat mesothelial cells) on the matrices were investigated, and the differentiation capacity of mesenchymal stem cells on the matrices was also analyzed [329]. The SMPs proved biocompatibility for all tested cell types, supporting viability and proliferation. The SMPs also supported the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells 3 weeks after induction. 

Adipocytes, the fat storage cells, are well supplied with blood vessels. The first recognizable cell type of the lineage is the preadipocyte. This cell may differentiate along one of two adipogenic pathways for the formation of either ... 

Farrington Rock C, Crofts NJ, Doherty MJ, Ashton BA, Griffin Jones C and Canfield AE (2004). Chondrogenic and adipogenic potential of microvascular peric34es. Circulation 110 2226 2232. 

Jaiswal RK, Jaiswal N, Bruder SP, Mbalaviele G, Marshak DR, Pittenger ME. Adult human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation to the osteogenic or adipogenic lineage is regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase. J Biol Chem 2000 275 9645-9652. 

Younce, C. W., Azfer, A., and Kolattukudy, P. E. (2009). MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein-l)-induced protein, a recently identified zinc finger protein, induces adipogen-esis in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes without peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.. Biol. Chem. 284, 27620-27628. 

The authors postulated that there had been an increase in orbital fat in parallel to the increase in abdominal fat. Rosiglitazone can reactivate thyroid inflammatory orbito-pathy and treatment of orbital fibroblasts in culture with PPARy agonists can stimulate thyrotropin hormone receptor expression and subsequently promote adipogen-esis (69). 

Cheng SL, Shao JS, Charlton-Kachigian N, Loewy AP, and Towler DA (2003) Msx2 promotes osteogenesis and suppresses adipogenic differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal progenitors. J. Biol. Chem. 278 45969-45977. 

Nadler ST, Stoehr JP, Schueler KL, Tanimoto G, Yandell BS, Attie AD. The expression of adipogenic genes is decreased in obesity and diabetes meflitus. Proc Nad Acad Sci U S A 2000 97 11371-6. 

Jeon, T., Hwang, S. G., Hirai, S., Matsui, T., Yano, H., Kawada, T., Lim, B. O., and Park, D. K. 2004. Red yeast rice extracts suppress adipogenesis by down-regulating adipogenic transcription factors and gene expression in 3T3-L1 cells. Life Sci. 75(26), 3195-3203. 

Iwata M, Harnta T, Usui I, et al. Pioghtazone ameliorates tumor necrosis factor-alpha-indnced insnlin resistance by a mechanism independent of adipogenic activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Diabetes. 2001 50 1083-1092. 

Rous-associated virus-7 (RAV-7) was the second pathogen reported to cause obesity. In addition, it causes stunting and hyperhpidemia in chickens (Carter et al., 1983a). The following is a description of the adipogenic effects of RAV-7. 

Obesity is associated with impaired immunity (Fried et al, 1998 Tanaka et al, 1993 Visser et al, 1999) and as suggested by Ekesbo et al. (2000) obesity might be the indicator for increased susceptibility to H. pylori and CP infection (Ekesbo et al., 2000). However, Dart et al. (2002) found no preponderance of antibodies to Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia pssit-taci in the same subject population. Lack of relationship of BMI with prevalence of antibodies to C. trachomatis and C. pssittaci indicated that increased BMI did not necessarily predispose the subjects to catch infection. Experiments with animal models designed to investigate the adipogenic potential of CP and human sero-epidemiological data are needed to further determine the role of CP in obesity. 

Four adipogenic pathogens are adenoviruses. Adenoviruses were first isolated in 1953 by investigators attempting to establish cell lines from the adenoidal tissue of children after tonsillectomy (Shen and Shenk, 1995). Adenoviruses are widespread in nature, infecting birds, mammals, and humans. In humans, adenoviruses are frequently associated with acute upper respiratory tract infections, enteritis, or conjunctivitis. Presence of serum antibodies... 

Animals experimentally infeeted with Adenovirus type 36 (Ad-36) develop greater adiposity but a relative hypolipidemia. Sero-epidemiological studies show association of Ad-36 antibodies with human obesity. In vitro experiments in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes showed that Ad-36 promotes their proliferation, differentiation, and lipid accumulation. However, the exact mechanism of adipogenic action in vivo is yet unknown. Adipogenic effects of Ad-36 are described below in detail. 

The adipogenic potential of Ad-36 is not shared by all adenoviruses. Avian adenovirus CELO or human adenoviruses type 2 or 31 did not promote adiposity in animal models (Atkinson et al., 2002 Dhurandhar et al., 2000). Unlike Ad-36, Ad-2 and Ad-31 did not show association with human obesity. For Ad-31 and Ad-2 the antibody prevalence between the obese and the nonobese subjects was similar (76% vs SU/o for Ad-2 and 70% and 80% for Ad-31). BMIs and serum lipids were virtually identical for AB- - and AB— subjects (Atkinson et al., 2005). Moreover, almost equal distribution of seropositivity among the obese and nonobese subjects for Ad-2 and Ad-31 suggested that the greater prevalence of Ad-36 antibodies in obese subjects is not a result of obesity. 

Shin, A., Mohankumar, P., Dhurandhar, N., and Mohankumar, S. 2004. Adipogenic Human adenovirus ad-36 modulates the rat hypothalamo pituitary adrenal (HPA) Axis. Obes. Res. 12, 393-P. 

Vangipuram, S.D., Yu, M., Tian, J., Stanhope, K.L., Pasarica, M., Havel, P.J., Heydari, A.R., and Dhurandhar, N.V. 2007. Adipogenic human adenovirus-36 reduces leptin expression and secretion and increases glucose uptake by fat cells. Int. J. Obes.(Lond.) 31, 87-96. 

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