Obesity causes

Amphetamines may be used in the short-term treatment of exogenous obesity (obesity caused by a persistent calorie intake that is greater than needed by the body). However, their use in treating exogenous obesity has declined because the long-term use of the amphetamines for obesity carries the potential for addiction and abuse... 

FIGURE 23-31 Obesity caused by defective leptin production. Both these mice, which are the same age, have defects in the OB gene. The mouse on the right was provided with purified leptin by daily injection, and weighs 35 g. The mouse on the left got no leptin, consequently ate more food and was less active, and weighs 67 g. 

Obesity is a condition that is influenced by genetic and environmental factors (such as energy intake and expenditure, fetal nutrition, culture). There are four major physiological causes of obesity endocrine disorders (growth hormone deficiency, Cushing syndrome), genetic syndromes (Prader-Willi syndrome or Alstrom syndrome), disorders of the central nervous system (tumor, trauma) or the most common cause, multifactorial or primary obesity (caused by an interaction of multiple genes). 

Homozygous VLDL receptor knockout mice are resistant to both genetic and diet-induced obesity caused by a decreased peripheral and whole-body uptake of NEFA with no alterations in eifher food intake or fat absorption [112]. The reduction in adipocyte TAG storage as shown by a decreased average fat cell size in VLDL receptor-deficient rodents implies an impaired FA delivery to adipose tissue in the absence of this lipoprotein receptor. Analogously, hepatic overexpression of hu-... 

A model for the regulation of human food consumption. Asterisks ( ) indicate obesity-causing mutations. Abbreviations are given in the text. 

Mr. Applebod s physician cautioned him that exogenous obesity (caused by overeating) represents a risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease, particularly when the distribution of fat is primarily central or in the abdominal region (apple... 

Unger, R.H. (1997) How Obesity Causes Diabetes in Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats, Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 7, 276-282. 

Contents Types of Obesity Causes of Obesity Hereditary and Acquired Traits Body Builds (Somatotypes)... 

NIDDM is a much more common disease than IDDM, accounting for about 85—90% of all cases of diabetes meUitus. Whereas NIDDM may be present at any age, the incidence increases dramatically with advanced age over 10% of the population reaching 70 years of age has NIDDM. Patients with NIDDM do not require insulin treatment to maintain life or prevent the spontaneous occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis. Therefore, NIDDM is frequendy asymptomatic and unrecognized, and diagnosis requires screening for elevations in blood or urinary sugar. Most forms of NIDDM are associated with a family history of the disease, and NIDDM is commonly associated with and exacerbated by obesity. The causes of NIDDM are not well understood and there may be many molecular defects which lead to NIDDM. 

For many years, there has been concern by medical professionals and nutritionists over the effects of dietary sugar on human health. Sucrose has been imphcated as a cause of juvenile hyperactivity, tooth decay, diabetes meUitus, obesity, atherosclerosis, hypoglycemia, and nutrient deficiencies. 

Appetite suppressants have been widely used as an adjunct to dietary restriction and sympathomimetic amines have traditionally been used for this purpose. These agents have not proven particularly useful and frequentiy cause unacceptable side effects, hence their popularity has been waning for several years. The most promising newer dmgs work through a serotoninergic mechanism and hold considerable promise at least for certain obese patients. 

Lesions of the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) cause anorexia, whereas ablation of the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) cause a hyperphagic obesity syndrome. Consistent with these results, LHA neurons express the orexigenic neuropeptides MCH and orexin. PVN neurons produce several neuropeptides that are anorex-igenic when administered directly into the brain (CRH, TRH, oxytocin), in addition to their better known roles as endocrine regulators. LHA and PVN receive rich inputs from axons of NPY/AgRP and aMSH/CART-producing neurons in the arcuate nucleus. 

Obesity and hyperglycemia 2. 2-AG levels are elevated in mouse adipocytes and epididymal of mice with DIO. AEA and 2-AG levels are elevated in rat insulinoma p-cells, in pancreas of mice with DIO, and in obese women. Patients with obesity or hyperglycaemia caused by type 2 diabetes exhibit elevated levels of 2-AG or of both endocannabinoids in visceral fat or blood, respectively. AEA levels are elevated in the liver of DIO mice 2. CB1 antagonists... 

Globally, undernutrition is widespread, leading to impaired growth, defective immune systems, and reduced work capacity. By contrast, in developed countries, there is often excessive food consumption (especially of fat), leading to obesity and to the development of cardiovascular disease and some forms of cancer. Deficiencies of vitamin A, iron, and iodine pose major health concerns in many countries, and deficiencies of other vitamins and minerals are a major cause of iU health. In developed countries, nutrient deficiency is rare, though there are vulnerable sections of the population at risk. Intakes of minerals and vitamins that are adequate to prevent deficiency may be inadequate to promote optimum health and longevity. 

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