Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor-gamma

Thiazolidinediones are known to increase insulin sensitivity by stimulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-y). Stimulation of PPAR-y results in a number of intracellular and extracellular changes, including an increased number of insulin receptors, increased insulin receptor sensitivity, decreased plasma fatty acid levels, and an increase in a host of intracellular signaling proteins that enhance glucose uptake. 

Hu, K. Q., Y. Wang, R. M. Russell, and X. D. Wang. 2008. Apo-lO -lycopenoic acid functions as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activator and inhibits cell growth both in vitro and in ob/ ob mice treated with diethylnitrosamine. In American Association of Cancer Research Annual Meeting. San Diego, CA. 

Cui, Y., Lu, Z., Bai, L., Shi, Z., Zhao, W.E., and Zhao, B. 2007. Beta-carotene induces apoptosis and up-regulates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma expression and reactive oxygen species production in MCF-7 cancer cells. EurJ Cancer 43 2590-2601. 

Palakurthi, S. S., Aktas, H., Grubissich, L. M., Mortensen, R. M., and Halperin, J. A. (2001). Anticancer effects of thiazolidinediones are independent of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and mediated by inhibition of translation initiation. Cancer Res. 61, 6213-6218. 

Armicotte, J.S., lankova, 1., Miard, S., Fritz, V., Sarruf, D., Abella, A., Berthe, M.L., Noel, D., Pillon, A., Iborra, F., Dubus, P., Maudelonde, T., Culine, S. and Fajas, L. (2006) Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma regulates E-cadherin expression and inhibits growth and invasion of prostate cancer. Molecular and Cellular Biology, 26, 7561-7574. 

PPAR-T, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. 

Younce, C. W., Azfer, A., and Kolattukudy, P. E. (2009). MCP-1 (monocyte chemotactic protein-l)-induced protein, a recently identified zinc finger protein, induces adipogen-esis in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes without peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma.. Biol. Chem. 284, 27620-27628. 

Mechanism of Action Potent and highly selective agonist for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR(gamma)) which decreases insulin resistance in the periphery and in the liver resulting in increased insulin-dependent glucose disposal and decreased hepatic glucose output. 

Camp HS, Li O, Wise SC, Hong YH, Frankowski CL, Shen X, Vanbogelen R, Leff T. Differential activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma by troglitazone and rosiglitazone. Diabetes 2000 49(4) 539 17. 

Starkey K, Heufelder A, Baker G, Joba W, Evans M, Davies S, Ludgate M. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma in thyroid eye disease contraindication for thiazolidinedione use J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003 88 55-9. 

Klappacher GW, Glass CK. Roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma in lipid homeostasis and inflammatory responses of macrophages. Curr Opin Lipidol 2002 13 305-312. 

Sidhu JS, Cowan D, Kaski JC, The effects of Rosiglitazone, a peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma agonist, on markers of endothelial cell activation, C-reactive protein, and fibrinogen levels in non-diabetic coronary artery disease patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003 42 1757-1763. 

Klotz L, Sastre M, Kreutz A, Gavrilyuk V, Klockgether T, Feinstein DL, Heneka MT (2003) Noradrenaline induces expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) in murine primary astrocytes and neurons. J. Neurochem. 86 907-916. 

Park EY, Cho IJ, Kim SG. Transactivation of the PPAR-responsive enhancer module in chemopreventive glutathione S-transferase gene by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma and retinoid X receptor heterodimer. Cancer Res 2004 64 3701-3713. 

Adachi, M., Kurotani, R., Morimura, K., Shah, Y., Sanford, M., Madison, B. B., Gumucio, D. L., Marin, H. E., Peters, J. M., Young, H. A., and Gosnzalez, F. J. (2006). Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma in colonic epithelial cells protects against experimental inflammatory... 

Churi, S. B., Abdel-Aleem, O. S., Tumber, K. K., Scuderi-Porter, H., and Taylor, B. K. (2008). Intrathecal rosiglitazone acts at peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma to rapidly inhibit neuropathic pain in rats. J. Pain 9, 639—649. 

Desreumaux, P., Dubuquoy, L., Nutten, S., Peuchmaur, M., Englaro, W., Schoonjans, K., Derijard, B., Desvergne, B., Wahli, W., Chambon, P., Leibowitz, M. D., Colombel, J. F., et al. (2001). Attenuation of colon inflammation through activators of the retinoid X receptor (RXR)/ peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) heterodimer. A basis for new... 

Heneka, M. T., Feinstein, D., Galea, E., Gleichmann, M., Wullner, U., and Klockgether, T. (1999). Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists protect cerebellar granule cells from cytokine-induced apoptotic cell death by inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase. J. Neuroim-munol. 100, 156-168. 

Kielian, T., and Drew, P. D. (2003). Effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonists on central nervous system inflammation. J. Neurosci. Res. 71, 315-325. 

Kliewer, S. A., Lenhard, J. M., Willson, T. M., Patel, I., Morris, D. C., and Lehmann, J. M. (1995). A prostaglandin J2 metabolite binds peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and promotes adipocyte differentiation. Cell 83, 813-819. 

Konturek, P. C., Brzozowski, T., Kania, J., Konturek, S. J., Kwiecien, S., Pajdo, R., and Hahn, E. G. (2003). Pioglitazone, a specific ligand of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, accelerates gastric ulcer healing in rat. Eur.J. Pharmacol. 472, 213-220. 

Park, S. W., Yi, J. H., Miranpuri, G., Satriotomo, I., Bowen, K., Resnick, D. K., and Vemuganti, R. (2007). Thiazolidinedione class of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists prevents neuronal damage, motor dysfunction, myelin loss, neuropathic pain, and inflammation after spinal cord injury in adult rats. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 320, 1002—1012. 

Ricote, M., Li, A. C., Willson, T. M., Kelly, C.J., and Glass, C. K. (1998b). The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma is a negative regulator of macrophage activation. Nature 391, 79—82. 

Zhu, Y., Qi, C., Korenberg, J. R., Chen, X. N., Noya, D., Rao, M. S., and Reddy, J. K. (1995). Structural Organization of Mouse Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (mPPARy) Gene Alternative Promoter Use and Different Splicing Yield Two mPPARy Isoforms. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92, 7921-7925. 

Elbrecht, A., Chen, Y., Cullinan, C. A., Hayes, N., Leibowitz, M., Moller, D. E., and Berger, J. (1996). Molecular Cloning, Expression and Characterization of Human Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptors Gamma 1 and Gamma 2. Biochem. Bio-phys. Res. Commun. 224, 431-437. 

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