Adduction/abduction

To describe movements of the body, planes and rotations are defined at the various joints. Some of these movements include flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, internal rotation, and external rotation. Kinesiologists watch a specific movement and determine the actions at the joint or joints being evaluated. They can also evaluate movements to determine if they are completed properly. Slow-motion cinematography is helpful when analyzing the very last movements often found in sports. 

The intermetacarpal joints are limited to slight gliding of one on another. The accessory motion is axial rotation. The metacarpophalangeal articulations have the following movements flexion-extension, adduction-abduction, limited rotation, and circumduction. The accessory motions are axial rotation, dor-sal-ventral slide, and long-axis traction. 

There are three degree of freedom involved to construct this model represented by three angles qi, q2, and qs. Each angle represent three movement of the shoulder namely flexion/extension, adduction/abduction and external rotation/internal rotation. 

To monitor efficacy, the patient s baseline pain can be assessed with a visual analog scale, and range of motion for affected joints can be assessed with flexion, extension, abduction, or adduction. 

For example, polyclonal antibody 29.(12) obtained from animals immunized with BPDE-I-DNA, recognizes DNA modified by chrysene-1,2-diol-3,4-epoxide more efficiently (50 inhibition at 18 fmol) than it recognizes BPDE-I-DNA (50 inhibition at 30 fmol). This antibody also binds to DNA modified by benz(a)anthracene-8,9-diol-10,11-epoxide (50 Inhibition at 42 fmol) and 3,4-diol-l,2-epoxide (50 inhibition at 114 fmol). These results indicate that multiple adducts may be detected by the ELISA. Since humans are exposed to BP in complex mixtures containing a number of other PAHs, a nuBd>er of different adducts may be present. The Identity of the adducts cannot be determined and thus absolute quantitation of abducts is not possible. However, since a number of PAHs in addition to BP are... 

Shoulder and hip joints Raise arm or thigh forward Raise arm or thigh to side Rotate arm or leg along its long axis Flexion (extension") Abduction (adduction") Lateral or outward rotation (medial or inward rotation")... 

Note The coordinate system is defined with the x-axis corresponding to intemal/external rotation, the /-axis corresponding to abduction/adduction, and the z-axis corresponding to flexion/ extension. The x-axis is positive in the distal direction, the /-axis is positive in the dorsal direction for the left hand and in the palmar direction for the right hand, and the z-axis is positive in the radial direction. The origin of the coordinate system was at the intersection of a line connecting the radial and ulnar prominences and a hne connecting the volar and dorsal tubercles. 

Metacarpophalangeal joint abduction-adduction axis (Figure 49.33c)... 

The angle of the abduction-adduction axis with respect to the flexion-extension axis is 84.8 12.2°. The location and angulation of the T -wires of the axes with respect to the bones were measured, a, f ) directly with a goniometer. The positions of the pins in the bones were measured T,L) with a Vernier caliper. 

The power for active hand and arm prostheses can come form the body (Body-powered Prosthesis), or from external sources (Externally-powered prosthesis) [90-97]. Gross body movement controls a body-powered prosthesis. The movement of the shoulder, upper arm, or chest is captured by a harness system, which is attached to a cable that is connected to a terminal device (hook or hand). For some levels of amputation or deficiency, an elbow system can be added to provide the amputee additional function. An amputee must possess at least one or more of the foUowing gross body movements glenohumeral flexion, scapular abduction or adduction, shoulder depression and elevation, and chest expansion in order to control body-powered prosthesis. In addition, sufficient residual limb length and sufficient musculature must exist. 

Horizontal adduction Horizontal Longitudinal Movement of the arm in an anterior direction toward the midline of the body with the shoulder joint in 90° of either flexion or abduction. 

A characteristic gait was observed in both euthyroid and hypothyroid patients. Its most obvious feature was broadening of the base and knock-knees. The feet were flat and everted, the knees flexed and the hips adducted. The arms did not swing and were held in a curious posture the shoulders abducted, the elbows and wrists flexed. The cretins walked, shoulders swaying, in a stiff shuffling manner and turned with difficulty, effecting this manoeuvre in a series of small steps. The trunk was tilted in flexion in severely affected patients. Some required assistance to... 

For the upper arm, normal ranges of motion (Fig. 32.2, center) are 90 degrees of medial (inward, toward the midline) humeral rotation and 40 degrees of lateral (outward away from the midline) humeral rotation, 180 degrees of flexion (forward rotation of the arm about the shoulder) and 45 degrees of extension (backward rotation of the upper arm about the shoulder), and 180 degrees of elevation (abduction, outward rotation about the shoulder) and 20 degrees of depression (adduction, inward rotation of the upper arm about the shoulder). 

WRIST ABDUCTION-ADDUCTION (or Radial-Uinar deviation)... 

ABDUCTION-ADDUCTION Adduction - tnotions that "ADD to the tnidline. 

The primary sources of control for body-powered devices are biomechanical in nature. Movement, or force, from a body joint or multiple joints is used to change position, or develop a force/ pressure that can be transduced by a harness and Bowden cable and/or mechanical switches. Typically, inputs such as chin and head force/movement, glenohumeral flexion/extension or abduction/ adduction, biscapular and scapular abduction, shoulder elevation and depression, chest expansion, and elbow or wrist movements are used. However, direct force/motion from muscle(s) has also been used by way of surgical procedures such as muscle tunnel cinepiasty (Sauerbruch, 1916) and the Krukenberg cinepiasty (Krukenberg, 1917). 

Transverse fractures result from direct blows. Twisting injuries produce the more common spiral fracture. In infants, this injury should always rouse suspicion of child abuse. The position of the bony fragments will be determined by the pull of adjacent muscles. For proximal metaphyseal fractures, the rotator cuff abducts the proximal fragment while the distal fragment is adducted by the pectoralis muscle. 

Traumatic hip dislocation is uncommon in children and is the result of high energy force therefore, it is often associated with other significant injuries (Craig 1980 Salisbury and Eastwood 2000). Typically, it is the result of an axial force directed along the length of the femur, such as that which occurs when the hip is flexed and the knee impacted against the dashboard in a road traffic accident. The direction of dislocation will depend on the position of the hip at the moment of impact. If the hip is flexed and adducted, this will result in posterior dislocation. If the hip is abducted and externally rotated, this will result in anterior dislocation. Posterior dislocation is the commonest type and more frequently associated with fractures, particularly those of the posterior acetabulum. 

A varus or valgus angulation is caused by adduction or abduction forces, respectively. Occasionally, in boys nearing skeletal maturity, the tibia may show a flexion type injury. This occurs when taking off or landing from a jump. 

To prevent impingement, the lower end of the humerus has two fossae, one at the front and one at the back. This gives the human elbow a range of 0 -142° of flexion extension with 5 of further passive flexion. About 9 of abduction and adduction exist in the ulno-humeral joint. This range of movement is essential to complete the full arc of pronation and supination. 

---