Shoulder abduction

Neurological cretinism has a characteristic standing posture characterized by flexion of the neck and flexed hips and knees with abductor tightness (Hollowell and Hannon, 1997). In this situation, the trunk tilts forward, the feet are flat and everted, and the gait is broad-based and knock-kneed. The arms are often held in a curious posture with shoulders abducted and the elbows and wrists flexed. Most individuals have characteristic gait disturbances ranging from an abnormal posture and rhythm to an inability to walk. 

A characteristic gait was observed in both euthyroid and hypothyroid patients. Its most obvious feature was broadening of the base and knock-knees. The feet were flat and everted, the knees flexed and the hips adducted. The arms did not swing and were held in a curious posture the shoulders abducted, the elbows and wrists flexed. The cretins walked, shoulders swaying, in a stiff shuffling manner and turned with difficulty, effecting this manoeuvre in a series of small steps. The trunk was tilted in flexion in severely affected patients. Some required assistance to... 

A combination of glenohumeral flexion and shoulder abduction is the primary body-control motion used to affect terminal device opening and closing or elbow flexion and extension. Typically, a total excursion of 10 cm (4 in) and upward of 222 N (50 Ibf) of force are possible using these motions. Elbow lock control is affected by a complex shoulder motion which involves downward rotation of the scapula combined with simultaneous abduction and slight extension of the shoulder... 

It is usual to describe motion as occurring in cardinal planes about fixed axes. Shoulder abduction would be described as motion in a fron-... 

Note Modifying the degree of shoulder abduction will change the area of the back that is... 

MOTOR RESPONSE None Extension Flexor response Withdrawal Localizes pain Obeys commands 1 = To any pain limbs remain flaccid 2 = Shoulder adducted and shoulder and forearm internally rotated 3 = Withdrawal response or assumption of hemiplegic posture 4 = Arm withdraws to pain, shoulder abducts 5 = Arm attempts to remove supra-orbital/chest jnessure 6 = Follows simple commands... 

Hughes, C. J., Hurd, K., Jones, A., Sprigle, S. (1999). Resistance Properties of Thera-Band Tubing During Shoulder Abduction Exercise. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther, 29(7), 413-420. 

The scapulothoracic plane separates the body of the scapula and the subscapularis muscle from the thoracic surface, consisting of the superficial aspect of the serratus anterior muscle which overlies the ribs. This gliding plane allows the scapula and the glenoid cavity to tilt anteriorly and posteriorly around the rib cage during shoulder movements. In addition, the scapulothoracic articulation has an important role in shoulder abduction. 

Out of nowhere came a crackle of blue phosphoric flame, a sulfurous smell, the pounding of feet, unearthly shrieks for an instant Marano glimpsed black faces, hairy skins, devilish horns. Blows beat down on his head and shoulders, driving him to the ground, where he lay hardly daring to move. After what seemed an eternity, he took the silence to mean that the demons had retreated to their lair. When he eventually climbed to his feet, there was no sign of Balsamo. As he hobbled, bruised and bloodied, back to Palermo, Marano hoped that the boy had not been abducted and eaten by the demons. 

Shoulder and hip joints Raise arm or thigh forward Raise arm or thigh to side Rotate arm or leg along its long axis Flexion (extension") Abduction (adduction") Lateral or outward rotation (medial or inward rotation")... 

Doody S.G., Freedman L., and Waterland J.C. 1970. Shoulder movements during abduction in the scapular plane. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 51 595. 

The power for active hand and arm prostheses can come form the body (Body-powered Prosthesis), or from external sources (Externally-powered prosthesis) [90-97]. Gross body movement controls a body-powered prosthesis. The movement of the shoulder, upper arm, or chest is captured by a harness system, which is attached to a cable that is connected to a terminal device (hook or hand). For some levels of amputation or deficiency, an elbow system can be added to provide the amputee additional function. An amputee must possess at least one or more of the foUowing gross body movements glenohumeral flexion, scapular abduction or adduction, shoulder depression and elevation, and chest expansion in order to control body-powered prosthesis. In addition, sufficient residual limb length and sufficient musculature must exist. 

Horizontal abduction Horizontal Longitudinal Movement of the arm in a posterior direction away from the midhne of the body with the shoulder joint in 9C of either flexion or abduction. 

For the upper arm, normal ranges of motion (Fig. 32.2, center) are 90 degrees of medial (inward, toward the midline) humeral rotation and 40 degrees of lateral (outward away from the midline) humeral rotation, 180 degrees of flexion (forward rotation of the arm about the shoulder) and 45 degrees of extension (backward rotation of the upper arm about the shoulder), and 180 degrees of elevation (abduction, outward rotation about the shoulder) and 20 degrees of depression (adduction, inward rotation of the upper arm about the shoulder). 

The primary sources of control for body-powered devices are biomechanical in nature. Movement, or force, from a body joint or multiple joints is used to change position, or develop a force/ pressure that can be transduced by a harness and Bowden cable and/or mechanical switches. Typically, inputs such as chin and head force/movement, glenohumeral flexion/extension or abduction/ adduction, biscapular and scapular abduction, shoulder elevation and depression, chest expansion, and elbow or wrist movements are used. However, direct force/motion from muscle(s) has also been used by way of surgical procedures such as muscle tunnel cinepiasty (Sauerbruch, 1916) and the Krukenberg cinepiasty (Krukenberg, 1917). 

Abduction or flexion (upper arm positioned to the side or above shoulder level) Hands at or above shoulder height Neck (cervical spine)... 

Alternatively a small child may be placed supine on a table with the affected arm abducted. The cassette is placed either in the axilla or resting on the superior border of the shoulder depending on the size of the child. The X-ray tube is rotated into a horizontal position and is directed through the shoulder joint in either an infero-superior or supero-inferior direction. The child will often need to be raised on a pad to allow the X-ray tube to achieve this position. 

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