Radial direction

However, with ultrasonic technique the signal level of the reflected echo pattern is also influenced by the geometrical shape, and misalignment between measuring direction and radial direction. Therefore, the practical demand for guidance must be found by experiments. 

The extension of the voxel in a radial direction gives infomiation on the lateral resolution. Since the lateral resolution has so far not been discussed in temis of the point spread function for the conventional microscope, it will be dealt with here for both conventional and confocal arrangements [13]. The radial intensity distribution in the focal plane (perpendicular to the optical axis) in the case of a conventional microscope is given by... 

Growth in the radial direction is assumed to occur at a constant velocity. There is ample experimental justification for this in the case of three-dimensional spherical growth. 

Twisting of the lamellar ribbons along the radial direction is responsible for the banding superimposed on the Maltese cross in Fig. 4.12. From the spacing of the bands, the period of the twist can be calculated and is found to depend on crystallization conditions. 

The sohds are also assumed to be in plug flow. As part of the plug flow approximation, the gas and soHds are assumed isothermal in the radial direction at a given axial location. Detailed models for kiln heat transfer are available (20,21). 

With disk diameters above 5.25 in., all parameters, eg, water absorption and thermal expansion, become more critical which aggravates the expansion or warp of disks. If in the future disk rotation speeds have to be increased significantly to boost data transfer rates, higher demands will be placed on warp (tilt angle) and modulus to avoid creeping (ie, irreversible elongation in radial direction). A survey of the requirement profile for the substrate material of optical disks is given in Table 5 (182,186,187,189). 

Mass Transport. An expression for the diffusive transport of the light component of a binary gas mixture in the radial direction in the gas centrifuge can be obtained directly from the general diffusion equation and an expression for the radial pressure gradient in the centrifuge. For diffusion in a binary system in the absence of temperature gradients and external forces, the general diffusion equation retains only the pressure diffusion and ordinary diffusion effects and takes the form... 

Packages exist that use various discretizations in the spatial direction and an integration routine in the time variable. PDECOL uses B-sphnes for the spatial direction and various GEAR methods in time (Ref. 247). PDEPACK and DSS (Ref. 247) use finite differences in the spatial direction and GEARB in time (Ref. 66). REACOL (Ref. 106) uses orthogonal collocation in the radial direction and LSODE in the axial direction, while REACFD uses finite difference in the radial direction both codes are restricted to modeling chemical reactors. 

Diffiisivity and thermal conductivity are taken appreciable only in the radial direction. 

Centraugal Blowers These blowers have air or gases entering in the axial direction and being discharged in the radial direction. These blowers have 3 tvpes of blades, radial or straight blades, forward curved blades, and backward cui ved blades (Figs. 10-69-10-71). 

Centrifugal Compressors The flow in a centrifugal compressor enters the impeller in an axial direction and exits in a radial direction. 

Floating Seal Rings Clearance seals that are free to move in a radial direction are known as floating seals. The floating characteris-... 

The material balance with bulk flow in the axial direction z and diffusion in the radial direction rwith diffusivity D gives rise to the equation... 

In moving catalyst basket reactors, the flow regime is ill-defined and the contact between catalyst and gas can be poor even if well-mixed conditions for the fluid phase are achieved. Perhaps the most successful representative of this category is the Carberry reactor (1964, 1966). Even in this model only a single layer of catalyst can be charged in the cruciform catalyst basket because the fluid flows in a radial direction outward and... 

Structurally, carbon nanotubes of small diameter are examples of a onedimensional periodic structure along the nanotube axis. In single wall carbon nanotubes, confinement of the stnreture in the radial direction is provided by the monolayer thickness of the nanotube in the radial direction. Circumferentially, the periodic boundary condition applies to the enlarged unit cell that is formed in real space. The application of this periodic boundary condition to the graphene electronic states leads to the prediction of a remarkable electronic structure for carbon nanotubes of small diameter. We first present... 

So from the deflnition of swelling ratio and using the subscripts S and R to denote Shear swelling in the Radial direction then... 

In a tube, the pressure is constant in all radial directions perpendicular to the axis it varies only in the flow direction x. The power balance of the element dx, denoting the sectional surface area as A and the periphery as C, gives... 

The velocity triangles of the incoming and leaving flow at the blade edges of a centrifugal fan are shown in Fig. 9.34. The flow to the blade is in a radial direction. 

Radial acceleration Rate of velocity change with respect to time in a radial direction. 

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