Skeletal maturation

The patient will present with reduced growth velocity and delayed skeletal maturation. 

The dosage may be gradually titrated upward at 6- to 12-month intervals as needed to achieve appropriate bone age advancement and eventual epiphyseal closure. Chronic dosing with 0.625 mg is sufficient to induce artificial cyclic menses with sequential progestin treatment and to maintain bone mineral density after skeletal maturity is achieved. 

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, tremor, weight gain, polydipsia, polyuria, enuresis fatigue, ataxia acne, hair loss elevated TSH rarely cardiac conduction impact on skeletal maturation... 

A potential adverse effect of oxandrolone is acceleration of puberty and skeletal maturation (67). 

The characteristics of CR monkeys are summarized in Table 2 [72] and Fig. 12A-C [73]. CR monkeys weigh less [74] and have less total and abdominal obesity than controls [75], In addition, CR reduces body temperature and induces a transient reduction in metabolic rate [76], Young male CR monkeys also exhibit delayed sexual and skeletal maturation [72, 74]. In addition, several lines of evidence suggest that CR improves the disease risk in rhesus monkeys [72], CR monkeys have reduced blood glucose and insulin levels and improved insulin sensitivity [75], CR also reduces blood pressure and lowers the serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels [77]. In... 

Several animal studies have examined potential age-related differences in the distribution, neurotoxicity, skeletal toxicity, and interactions of aluminum. However, conflicting results have been found and the database is not adequate to assess whether these differences are due to the animal species tested, the aluminum compound used, or the route of exposure. Additionally, there are no studies on the influence of immature renal function on aluminum retention in the body and no studies on the long-term effects of aluminum exposure on skeletal maturation or neurotoxicity. Multiple species studies examining a wide range of effects in immature, mature, and older animals would be useful in assessing the children s susceptibility to the toxicity of aluminum. 

The implanting operations were performed on skeletally mature sheep (42-84kg body weight) under general (55 mg Dormicum i.v. 700 mg Ketamin... 

Thyroid hormones are essential for the normal maturation and metabolism of all the tissues in the body. Their effects on tissue maturation are most dramatically seen in congenital hypothyroidism, a condition which, unless treated within months of birth, results in permanent brain damage. Hypothyroid children have delayed skeletal maturation, short stature and delayed pubeny. 

Estrogens also play developmental roles in males. In boys, estrogen deficiency diminishes the pubertal growth spurt and delays skeletal maturation and epiphyseal closure so that linear growth continues into adulthood. Estrogen deficiency in men leads to elevated gonadotropins, macroorchidism, and increased testosterone levels and also may affect carbohydrate and lipid metabolism and fertihty. 

Nafarelin acetate also is used in children, male and female, for the treatment of central precocious puberty. By suppressing the release of LH, the estradiol or testosterone levels fall to prepubertal levels early secondary sexual development is arrested, linear growth and skeletal maturation are slowed, and in girls, menstruation stops. 

Osteoporosis is a skeletal condition characterized by decreased bone mineral density (BMD) (mass/volume unit) that leads to an increased risk of fractures (Beikler and Flemmig, 2003). A number of studies have identified that osteoporosis occurs much more frequently in females compared to males (Cadarette et al, 2000 Hannan et ah, 2000 Schuit et ah, 2004). There are a number of reasons for the high prevalence of osteoporosis in females. First, at skeletal maturity, males have 30-50% bone mass compared to females (Christiansen, 1993 Nieves et ah, 2005). Second, although decreased BMD occurs in both males and females with age, the decreased of BMD is substantially greater in females after menopause (Kanis et ah, 1997 Riggs et ah, 2004, 2008). Therefore, it is very important to help postmenopausal females to prevent them from progressing to osteoporosis. 

Serjeant, G.R., and Ashcroft, M.T. (1973) Delayed Skeletal Maturation in Sickle Cell Disease Anemia in Jamaica, Johns Hopkins Med. J. 132, 95-102. 

Schaefer F et al. Growth and skeletal maturation in children with phenylketonuria. Acta Paediatr. 1994 83(5) 534 1. 

Typically, mean values of apparent density of hydrated cortical bone are about 1.85 g/cm , and this does not vary much across anatomic sites or species. By contrast, the average apparent density of trabecular bone depends very much on anatomic site. It is as low as 0.10 g/cm for the spine, about 0.30 g/cnP for the human tibia, and up to about 0.60 g/caP for the load-bearing portions of the proximal femur." After skeletal maturity (around ages 25 to 30), trabecular bone density decreases steadily with aging, at a rate of about 6 percent per decade. ... 

Danto MI, Woo SL (1993) The mechanical properties of skeletally mature rabbit anterior cruciate ligament and patellar tendon over a range of strain rates. J Orthop Res 11 58-67... 

Henry J, Chotel F, Chouteau J, Fessy MH, Berard J, Moyen B (2009) Rupture of the anterior cruciate ligament in children early reconstmction with open physes or delayed reconstruction to skeletal maturity Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 17 748-755... 

Ahmad CS, Stein BE, Jeshuran W, Nercessian OA, Henry JH (2001) Anterior cruciate ligament function after tibial eminence fracture in skeletally mature patients. Am J Sports Med 29 339-345... 

Scherping SC, Schmidt CC Jr, Georgescu HI (1997) Effect of growth factors on the proliferation of ligament fibroblasts from skeletally mature rabbits. Connect Tissue Res 36 1-8... 

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