Shoulder abduction-adduction

Shoulder and hip joints Raise arm or thigh forward Raise arm or thigh to side Rotate arm or leg along its long axis Flexion (extension") Abduction (adduction") Lateral or outward rotation (medial or inward rotation")... 

A characteristic gait was observed in both euthyroid and hypothyroid patients. Its most obvious feature was broadening of the base and knock-knees. The feet were flat and everted, the knees flexed and the hips adducted. The arms did not swing and were held in a curious posture the shoulders abducted, the elbows and wrists flexed. The cretins walked, shoulders swaying, in a stiff shuffling manner and turned with difficulty, effecting this manoeuvre in a series of small steps. The trunk was tilted in flexion in severely affected patients. Some required assistance to... 

The primary sources of control for body-powered devices are biomechanical in nature. Movement, or force, from a body joint or multiple joints is used to change position, or develop a force/ pressure that can be transduced by a harness and Bowden cable and/or mechanical switches. Typically, inputs such as chin and head force/movement, glenohumeral flexion/extension or abduction/ adduction, biscapular and scapular abduction, shoulder elevation and depression, chest expansion, and elbow or wrist movements are used. However, direct force/motion from muscle(s) has also been used by way of surgical procedures such as muscle tunnel cinepiasty (Sauerbruch, 1916) and the Krukenberg cinepiasty (Krukenberg, 1917). 

MOTOR RESPONSE None Extension Flexor response Withdrawal Localizes pain Obeys commands 1 = To any pain limbs remain flaccid 2 = Shoulder adducted and shoulder and forearm internally rotated 3 = Withdrawal response or assumption of hemiplegic posture 4 = Arm withdraws to pain, shoulder abducts 5 = Arm attempts to remove supra-orbital/chest jnessure 6 = Follows simple commands... 

The power for active hand and arm prostheses can come form the body (Body-powered Prosthesis), or from external sources (Externally-powered prosthesis) [90-97]. Gross body movement controls a body-powered prosthesis. The movement of the shoulder, upper arm, or chest is captured by a harness system, which is attached to a cable that is connected to a terminal device (hook or hand). For some levels of amputation or deficiency, an elbow system can be added to provide the amputee additional function. An amputee must possess at least one or more of the foUowing gross body movements glenohumeral flexion, scapular abduction or adduction, shoulder depression and elevation, and chest expansion in order to control body-powered prosthesis. In addition, sufficient residual limb length and sufficient musculature must exist. 

Horizontal adduction Horizontal Longitudinal Movement of the arm in an anterior direction toward the midline of the body with the shoulder joint in 90° of either flexion or abduction. 

For the upper arm, normal ranges of motion (Fig. 32.2, center) are 90 degrees of medial (inward, toward the midline) humeral rotation and 40 degrees of lateral (outward away from the midline) humeral rotation, 180 degrees of flexion (forward rotation of the arm about the shoulder) and 45 degrees of extension (backward rotation of the upper arm about the shoulder), and 180 degrees of elevation (abduction, outward rotation about the shoulder) and 20 degrees of depression (adduction, inward rotation of the upper arm about the shoulder). 

Note The amount of flexion and whether abduction-external rotation or adduction-internal rotation is applied will follow the same notes as for the shoulder joint. 

There are three degree of freedom involved to construct this model represented by three angles qi, q2, and qs. Each angle represent three movement of the shoulder namely flexion/extension, adduction/abduction and external rotation/internal rotation. 

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