Body movement

We are able to construct mechanical arms that reproduce movements quite close to those performed by the human arm. The problem in implanting these arms is that movements have to be coordinated with all the other body movements under the brain s direction. There is one possibility for connecting the electronic systems of the artificial arm to the nervous signals (Fig. 33) coming from the brain in order to obtain coordinated movements separate those signals into different components and amplify every component to drive an artificial muscle or electric motor. 

The spinocerebellum influences muscle tone and coordinates skilled voluntary movements. It receives sensory input from interneurons in the spinal cord transmitting somatic information, in particular from muscle and joint proprioceptors providing data regarding body movements and positions that are actually taking place. It also receives input from the cortical motor areas providing information regarding intended or desired movement. The spinocerebellum then compares these inputs. If the actual status of a body part differs from the intended status, the spinocerebellum transmits impulses back to the motor areas of the brain to make appropriate adjustments in activation of the associated skeletal muscles. 

The whole body movement of bacterial cells uses flagella motors which drive a peculiar motion of runs and rotations. In this fumbling manner they follow vaguely external gradients of attractants such as sources of food, light or magnetic fields, and they move in the opposite sense in a repellent chemical gradient by chemotaxis. 

Eukaryotes have novel modes of direct body movement and swimming, based on sensors... 

Common carp, Cyprinus carpio recently-fertilized eggs exposed to 25-186 pg/L at pH 7.5 or 5.6 Lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush At pH 7.5, lead increased heart rate and decreased body movements. At pH 5.6 there was a dose-dependent reduction in survival and increase in spinal cord deformities 42... 

M (muscle fascicu-latlon, tremors, minimal head or body movement)... 

I think McDougall was right and we should return to comparisons with naturalistic animal behavior, and to the emotions, in our search for the roots of human behavior. That is, we should ground our research in ethological theory and methods. These whole-body movement patterns are the basic units of behavior for our species, the human ethogram. 

Sogon, S., Masutani, M. (1989). Identificaion of emotion from body movement. Psychological Reports, 65, 35-46. 

Grammer, K., Honda, M. Schmitt, A. 1996. Human courtship digital image analysis of body movements. J Personality Soc. Psych., under revision. 

A NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH FOR THE CLASSIFICATION OF BODY MOVEMENTS... 

Humans are the only species that do not show any visually observable physical sign of ovulation, and human female sexual cripsis is thought to be complete. In this preliminary approach we tried to find out if female body movements change qualitatively during cycle. In order to accomplish this 150 video clips (duration four seconds each) of a female... 

HR 72, BP 110/70, PS 7/5 BP and pulse taken without awakening subject, and turned him on his side due to oral breathing and dryness of the mouth. Body movements have decreased. Remains asleep on floor. 

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