Wrist abduction-adduction

WRIST ABDUCTION-ADDUCTION (or Radial-Uinar deviation)... 

The primary sources of control for body-powered devices are biomechanical in nature. Movement, or force, from a body joint or multiple joints is used to change position, or develop a force/ pressure that can be transduced by a harness and Bowden cable and/or mechanical switches. Typically, inputs such as chin and head force/movement, glenohumeral flexion/extension or abduction/ adduction, biscapular and scapular abduction, shoulder elevation and depression, chest expansion, and elbow or wrist movements are used. However, direct force/motion from muscle(s) has also been used by way of surgical procedures such as muscle tunnel cinepiasty (Sauerbruch, 1916) and the Krukenberg cinepiasty (Krukenberg, 1917). 

Kinematic models are also used in designs of smart hand and hand prostheses in order to track independently the motion in each degree of freedom. For example, fingers as a part of serial kinematic chain are composed of revolute joints. Different motions are considered, such as abduction/adduction and flexion/extension, together with pronation/ supination of the wrist and fingers for the better manipulation and grasping motion of the hand [31-33]. Most of actual motion-tracking models represent the joint as a spherical joint. 

Four channel Flexsion/Extension Abduction/Adduction of wrist 1. Extensor digitorum 2. Rexor carpi ulnaris S.Rexorcarpi radialis 4. Abductor policis longus... 

A characteristic gait was observed in both euthyroid and hypothyroid patients. Its most obvious feature was broadening of the base and knock-knees. The feet were flat and everted, the knees flexed and the hips adducted. The arms did not swing and were held in a curious posture the shoulders abducted, the elbows and wrists flexed. The cretins walked, shoulders swaying, in a stiff shuffling manner and turned with difficulty, effecting this manoeuvre in a series of small steps. The trunk was tilted in flexion in severely affected patients. Some required assistance to... 

The wrist joint consists of fifteen bones, each with multiple articulations. A good example is the capitate bone, which articulates with the second, third, and fourth metacarpals and with the lunate, scaphoid, trapezoid, and hamate bones (Fig. 83-1). The wrist acts as a functional unit, exhibiting flexion, extension, adduction (ulnar deviation), abduction (radial deviation), and circumduction. 

The wrist moves in two planes. In the sagittal plane, it flexes to approximately 85 degrees and extends to approximately 45 degrees. Flexion and extension appear to occur around more than one axis. In the coronal plane, the wrist moves into abduction (radial deviation) and adduction (ulnar deviation). Abduction is approximately 15 degrees and adduction 45 degrees. Pronation and supination occur at the radioulnar joint and, combined with flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction, permit circumduction so that the hand can lie in any plane. 

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