Nomenclature additive

As already apparent from its name, this nomenclature type is based on the addition of atoms or groups of atoms to a parent structure and is restricted to very few special cases. The most important and at any rate indispensable application of this method is found in the naming of hydrogenated fused polycycles where hydrogenation is indicated by appropriate prefixes. 

In contrast, epoxides, ozonides, and certain halogen derivatives are characterized by anionized name forms of the added atoms (or groups of atoms) placed behind the stem terms. It should be noted, though, that retention of this method is not recommended when other types of nomenclature (substitutive or heterocycle nomenclature) permit unambiguous simpler names. 

The designation ozonide should be used only if no exact structure of the compound in question is known otherwise a heterocyclic name is to be preferred. 

For compounds of the amine oxide and nitrile oxide type and analogous systems with oxidized heterocenters (above all heterocyclic systems) additive nomenclature alone offers reasonable names. 

2-Phenylenebis(diphe-nylphosphane oxide) (Benzene-1,2-diyl) bis(di-phenylphosphane oxide) 

2 Choosing a central atom or atoms, or a chain or ring structure IR-7.1.3 Representing ligands in additive names IR-7.1.4 Ions and radicals IR-7.2 Mononuclear entities IR-7.3 Polynuclear entities 

1 Symmetrical dinuclear entities IR-7.3.2 Non-symmetrical dinuclear compounds IR-7.3.3 Oligonuclear compounds IR-7.4 Inorganic chains and rings IR-7.4.1 General IR-7.4.2 Nodal descriptor IR-7.4.3 Name construction IR-7.5 References 

Additive nomenclature was originally developed for Werner-type coordination compounds, which were regarded as composed of a central atom (or atoms) surrounded by added groups known as ligands, but many other types of compound may also be conveniently given additive names. Such names are constructed by placing the names of the ligands (sometimes modified) as prefixes to the name(s) of the central atom(s). 

Note that in some cases, a compound named additively may alternatively and equally systematically be named substitutively on the basis of a suitably chosen parent structure (Chapter IR-6). It is important to note, however, that additive names for parent hydrides cannot be used as parent names in substitutive nomenclature. 

2 Choosing a central atom or atoms, or a chain or ring structure 

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Addition nomenclature, 1, 37 Addition reactions heterocyclic compounds reviews, 1, 70 Additives... 

Thus organometallic compounds can be named by an additive or a substitutive process. Additive nomenclature is applicable to all organometallic compounds, but substitutive nomenclature is arbitrarily restricted to names of derivatives of specific metals, the elements of Groups 14, 15, 16 and 17, and boron. 

Coordination nomenclature, an additive nomenclature. According to a useful, historically-based formalism, coordination compounds are considered to be produced by addi-... 

Generally, nomenclature systems use a base on which the name is constructed. This base can be derived from a parent compound name such as sil (from silane) in substitutive nomenclature (mainly used for organic compounds) or titan a central atom name such as cobalt in additive nomenclature (mainly used in coordination chemistry). 

Inorganic additive nomenclature, however, names both simple and complex entities of more than 100 elements. Inorganic nomenclature also provides several degrees of complexity in order to enable a name for a compound to indicate empirical composition, molecular composition, composition and connectivity, and complete qualitative three-dimensional compound structure. 

With the discoveries that led to the founding of coordination chemistry by Alfred Werner and others at the start of the 20th century, and the concomitant demise of constant valency theories, the utility of additive nomenclature once again became evident and was the nomenclature pattern used by Werner and his contemporaries in their publications. 

Additive nomenclature1 is based on the combination of element names or roots of element names and/or ligand names. The simplest and oldest additive nomenclature is binary nomenclature that expresses two components, e.g. sodium chloride. The cationic or electropositive portion of the compound expressed in a binary name is the element name unchanged or a group name ending in -ium , and the anionic or electronegative portion of a compound expressed in the name ends in -ide, -ite or -ate. The proportions of cations and anions in neutral compounds are indicated by Stock numbers or simple or multiplicative prefixes (see Section 3.3.2). Additive nomenclature denotes composition. For examples see Table 1. 

A Oxides and their analogues (e.g., AMmides) can be considered as a special type of dipolar structure. They are usually dealt with by use of simple additive nomenclature (e.g., pyridine TV-oxide), but alternatives are possible. For example, other methods of indicating unusual valency could be applied, e.g., lA5-pyridin-l-one (see Section II, B, 2, d). 

Goodwin has provided a useful summary of the structural chemistry applicable to the retinoids of vision36. However, the book is not as comprehensive as needed to address all of the types of Vitamin A. He also refers to a separate essay on the structural notation he uses37. Taylor Ikawa have provided additional nomenclature, more semisystematic names and excellent information on laboratory evaluation techniques38. 

It is worthwhile to begin the discussion by first stating the conventions adopted for the description of polypeptide conformation. These conventions (Edsall et ah, 1966) were discussed at the 1965 Gordon Conference on Proteins some additional nomenclature was suggested at a workshop on protein conformation in Madras in January 1967. The whole subject is, at present, under consideration by the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature. 

Many additional dendrimers have been introduced in the past decade however, no additional nomenclature problems are, at present, evident. 

The three-membered oxygen heterocycle, or oxirane (Figure 1), is also described in the current literature as an (l,2-)epoxide, an oxacyclopropane, or, using additive nomenclature, an ethylene oxide. 

The prefix hydroxy- should be universally adopted to express the alcohol or phenol function. In German and several other languages (presumably under the influence of the Beilstein nomenclature) the prefix oxy- is used (Oxysauren = hydroxy acids, OxybenzoU = hydroxybenzenes). This is a relic of the old addition nomenclature, oxy- meaning an oxygen atom (trioxymethylene, phosphorus oxychloride), but organic chemical nomenclature now generally follows the principle of substitution. 

To follow substitutive nomenclature logically for complex cases, new polyradical terminations are required. The need for them, as well as the resultant troubles in indexing, are arguments against substitutive nomenclature. On the other hand, additive nomenclature is against the fundamental principles—p-hydroxybenzoic acid is not correctly described as water-benzoic acid or phenol-p-formic acid. 

IR-1.5.3.2 Compositional nomenclature IR-1.5.3.3 Substitutive nomenclature IR-1.5.3.4 Additive nomenclature IR-1.5.3.5 General naming procedures IR-1.6 Changes to previous IUPAC recommendations IR-1.6.1 Names of cations IR-1.6.2 Names of anions IR-1.6.3 The element sequence of Table VI IR-1.6.4 Names of anionic ligands in (formal) coordination entities IR-1.6.5 Formulae for (formal) coordination entities IR-1.6.6 Additive names of polynuclear entities IR-1.6.7 Names of inorganic acids IR-1.6.8 Addition compounds IR-1.6.9 Miscellaneous... 

Along with the theory of coordination, Werner proposed5 a system of nomenclature for coordination entities which not only reproduced their compositions but also indicated many of their structures. Werner s system was completely additive in that the names of the ligands were cited, followed by the name of the central atom (modified by the ending ate if the complex was an anion). Wemer also used structural descriptors and locants. The additive nomenclature system was capable of expansion and adaptation to new compounds and even to other fields of chemistry. 

Three systems are of primary importance in inorganic chemistry, namely compositional, substitutive and additive nomenclature they are described in more detail in Chapters IR-5, IR-6 and IR-7, respectively. Additive nomenclature is perhaps the most generally applicable in inorganic chemistry, but substitutive nomenclature may be applied in appropriate areas. These two systems require knowledge of the constitution (connectivity) of the compound or species being named. If only the stoichiometry or composition of a compound is known or to be communicated, compositional nomenclature is used. 

Additive nomenclature treats a compound or species as a combination of a central atom or central atoms with associated ligands. The particular additive system used for coordination compounds (see Chapter IR-9) is sometimes known as coordination nomenclature although it may be used for much wider classes of compounds, as demonstrated for inorganic acids (Chapter IR-8) and organometallic compounds (Chapter IR-10) and for a large number of simple molecules and ions named in Table IX. Another additive system is well suited for naming chains and rings (Section IR-7.4 see Example 6 below). 

The rule now used, without exception, is that anion names ending in ide , ite and ate , respectively, are changed to end in ido , ito and ato , respectively, when modifying the ligand name for use in additive nomenclature (Sections IR-7.1.3, and IR-9.2.2.3). This entails several changes from Refs. 11 and 22. 

The main principle, however, is to use additive nomenclature for deriving systematic names for inorganic acids. For example, the systematic name for dihydrogenphosphate, H2PO4-, is dihydroxidodioxidophosphate(l—). 

Generally, nomenclature systems require a root on which to construct the name. This root can be an element name (e.g. cobalt or silicon ) for use in additive nomenclature, or can be derived from an element name (e.g. sil from silicon , plumb from plumbum for lead) and elaborated to yield a parent hydride name (e.g. silane or plumbane ) for use in substitutive nomenclature. 

Prefixes indicate, for example, substituents in substitutive nomenclature, as in the name cWorotrisilane, and ligands in additive nomenclature, as in the name aquacobalt. Multiplicative prefixes (Table IV) can be used to indicate the number of constituents or ligands, e.g. hexaaquacobalt. Prefixes may also be used to describe the structural types or... 

The designation of central atom and ligands, generally straightforward in mononuclear complexes, is more difficult in polynuclear compounds where there are several central atoms in the compound to be named, e.g. in polynuclear coordination compounds, and chain and ring compounds. In each case, a priority order or hierarchy has to be established. A hierarchy of functional groups is an established feature of substitutive nomenclature Table VI shows an element sequence used in compositional and additive nomenclature. 

In general, in compositional and additive nomenclature no elisions are made when using multiplicative prefixes. 

In some cases, the use of substitutive or additive nomenclature for naming an ion is not... 

Radicals may also be named using additive nomenclature, see Section IR-7.1.4 and examples in subsequent sections of Chapter IR-7. 

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