Name substitution

Formula Parent name Substitutive prefix ending... 

COMMENT/QUESTION I was not using MDMA-like in the sense that you were using it—as a substitute. I am simply saying it did not have the pharmacologic effect that MDMA had namely, substitution for amphetamine, which obviously must mean that the N-hydroxy compound is not converted to MDMA to the same extent at least as the p-toluylamphetamine analog was. I would like to know if you have any information about the metabolism of those N-hydroxy compounds. 

The framework is applied twice, with placeholder names substituted as indicated. Each substitution for defines a derived type Use. The framework applications can be unfolded to reveal the complete model. The benefits of frameworks are that they simplify a picture, and, having been tried and tested, they often deal with matters you might not have thought of (such as the possibility of a Room being closed). The details and precise specifications have already been worked out for you. 

In the resulting model, each type has all the features given to it explicitly (such as, the Job s Customer) and also all the features defined by the framework, as name-substituted by the application. Working out the complete model is called unfolding. A good tool can show an unfolded version on demand. 

This example also shows name substitution in the form [framework-name applied-name ]. We have used it to rename some of the associations to avoid Courses having different... 

Placeholder Type name [substitutions for this type]... 

Normally, the names of all substituents are cited as prefixes in front of the name of the parent hydride, but there are three exceptions. The names of three substituted benzenes — toluene, styrene and stilbene — are retained and can be used to name substituted derivatives, as long as the substitution is only on the ring. 

As can be seen from Table II, hexamethyldisilane has no absorption in the ultraviolet region, whereas phenylpentamethyldisilane exhibits the most striking red shift in the absorption maxima namely, substitution of one pentamethyldisilanyl group, (CH3)5Si2, into the benzene ring gives rise to a... 

Mattay et al., having discovered exciplex emission from solutions of benzene and 1,3-dioxole [122], continued their investigations with a study on selectivity and charge transfer in photoreactions of a,a,a-trifluorotoluene with 1,3-dioxole and some of its derivatives, and with vinylene carbonate and dimethylvinylene carbonate [15,143,144], a,a,a-Trifluorotoluene and 1,3-dioxole upon irradiation yield three types of products ortho cycloadducts, meta cycloadducts, and so-called substitution products (Scheme 44). The products are formed in the ratio ortho adductsimeta adducts substitution products = 0.8 1.7 0.3. The substitution reaction (which is really an addition of a C—F bond to the double bond of 1,3-dioxole, but named substitution in order to distinguish it from the ortho addition [186] is supposed to start with electron transfer from 1,3-dioxole to excited a,a,a-trifluorotoluene. The radical anion then releases a fluoride ion, which adds to the 1,3-dioxole radical cation. Radical combination then leads to the product. 

There are two kinds of solid solutions, namely, substitutional solid solutions and interstitial solid solutions. In substitutional solid solutions, the solute element occupies a position of one of the solvent elements in the solvent crystal. In interstitial solid solutions, on the other hand, the solute element occupies on of the vacant spaces between solvent elements in the solvent crystal lattice without displacing a solvent element. 

This name, derived from benzoic acid, is also the systematic name for this aldehyde. It is used to name substituted derivatives.)... 

In the syntheses of heterocyclic compounds with perfluoroalkyl groups, the key methods are based on two types of chemical transformations. The first type involves the introduction of the perfluoroalkyl group on the heterocyclic system, namely, substitutional fluorination of fragments already available in the system or direct introduction of the perfluoroalkyl group onto the heterocycle. 

Draw and name substituted cyclohexanes, indicating cis/trans geometry. 

The representation of a polymer unit by one orbital is, of course, a rather crude approximation but calculations of this type49-50 may still throw light on the qualitative effects of aperiodicity. There seems to be, however, no difficulty in applying Dean s method in a more sophisticated way, namely substituting the matrix elements a and bt by Fock matrix blocks which could be taken from appropriate cluster calculations.51... 

The formulas to accomplish this are the following (the values returned by the formulas are shown in Figure 3-21) in cell B4, use the formula =LEN(A4)-LEN(SUBSTITUTE(A4," to determine the number of spaces in the text. In cell C4, use =SUBSTITUTE(A4," B4) to substitute a marker character for the last space in the name. (SUBSTITUTE accepts the optional argument instance number, which specifies the instance of find text that is to be substituted.) In cell D4, use =FIND(, C4) to find the location of the marker character, which immediately precedes the last name portion of the string. In cell E4, use =RIGHT(A4,LEN(A4)-D4) to return the last name. 

The second part of the book uses the basic principles that have been introduced in the first part and applies them to the major mechanistic types, so that you may see how these ideas are used in practice. The mechanisms are considered in increasing order of complexity, namely substitution reactions addition reactions elimination reactions rearrangement reactions and redox reactions. 

Organic reaction mechanisms can similarly be reduced to a small number of fundamental reaction types, namely substitution, addition, elimination, rearrangement and redox reactions. 

In most cases, the compounds named substitutively in the present chapter may alternatively and equally systematically be named additively (Chapter IR-7), but it is important to note that for the parent hydrides presented here such additive names cannot be used as parent names in substitutive nomenclature. 

Only chains with four or more heteroatoms (or strictly speaking, four or more heterounits) are given parent names constructed in this way. A heterounit is a sequence of heteroatoms which is in itself the skeleton of a parent hydride, e.g. Se and SS and SiOSi (see Section IR-6.2.4.2), but not OSiO. Heteroatoms must not belong to the principal characteristic group (see Section IR-6.3.1) (if there is one) when counting them for this purpose. Heteronuclear chains with fewer heterounits, and heteronuclear chains not terminating in any of the atoms listed above, are named substitutively as derivatives of homonuclear parent hydrides and are not themselves used as parents. 

Based on the structure, the compound can be named substitutively (Chapter IR-6) as a derivative of the parent hydride X/5-phosphane (PH5), leading to the name trihydroxy-/.5-phosphanone, or additively (Chapter IR-7) as trihydroxidooxidophosphorus. 

Each of these two compounds could also be named substitutively, on the basis of the above parent hydride, or additively but the names given here are preferred IUPAC names (see Section P-67.1 of Ref. 1). 

Consider the polythionic acids, H2S 06 = [(H0)(0)2SS 2S(0)2(0H)] (n > 2), which have the common names dithionic acid, trithionic acid, tetrathionic acid, etc. They may be named systematically using additive nomenclature, as shown in Table IR-8.1. For > 3, they may also be named substitutively on the basis of the central (poly)sulfane skeleton, as exemplified below. 

Where there is more than one kind of substituent, the prefixes are cited in alphabetical order before the name of the parent hydride, parentheses being used to avoid ambiguity, and multiplicative prefixes being used as necessary. Non-standard bonding numbers are indicated using the. -convention (see Section IR-6.2.2.2). An overview of the rules for naming substituted derivatives of parent hydrides is given in Section IR-6.3, while a detailed exposition may be found in Ref. 3. 

If the possible central atoms are both or all from class (ii), then the compound is named substitutively as described in Section IR-10.3.3 (and in more detail in Section IR-6.3). The parent hydride is chosen on the basis of the following element order ( > meaning chosen before , cf. Section P-41 of Ref. 3) ... 

B. Naming Substituted Alkanes and Cycloalkanes—Group C Substituents Only... 

We shall examine in some detail here one of the most important, simplest and best understood classes of reactions in coordination chemistry, namely substitution. This involves one (or several) ligand(s) departing the coordination sphere to be replaced by one (or several) others, without a change in coordination number and basic shape between the reactant complex and its product. It is usually a clearly observable reaction, at least where the nature of the ligands involved in the substitution are distinctively different, and can often be followed by simple approaches such as observing the change of colour as reaction proceeds. 

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