Additive for fuel

Fuels and Lubricants. Rare-earth neodecanoates have been claimed as additives for diesel fuels that reduce the precipitation of particles and gum (108). Neodecanoic acid has also been used in the preparation of ashless detergent additives for fuels and lubricants that reduce engine deposits in internal combustion engines (109). 

Industrial uses make up most of the market for cyanamide. Calcium cyanamide is used directly for steel nitridation (34) and to some extent for desulfurization (36) (see Steel). Cyanamide is used to produce cationic starch (36) and calcium cyanide. Cyanamide is, of course, the raw material for dicyandiamide and melamine. New uses include intermediates for pesticides, detergents (37), medicines such as antihistamines, hypertension, sedatives, contraceptives, etc (38), the photography industry (39), as an additive for fuels and lubricants, as a paper preservative, and as a cement additive. 

With the increasing emphasis on energy conservation and environmental considerations, additives for fuels that can correct combustion-related problems have aroused considerable interest. Many commercial fuel additives are combinations of organometaHics, dispersants, emulsifiers, and carrier solvents. The organometaHic, often a metal soap, acts as a combustion catalyst, increasing efficiency with reduction of smoke, deposits, and corrosion. 

Numerous lubricity additives for fuel oils have been described (101). Caprotti et al. (102) disclosed an additive that is comprised of an ester of a carboxylic acid and an alcohol, wherein the acid has from 2 to 50 carbon atoms and the alcohol has one or more carbon atoms, e.g., glycerol monooleate. Although general mixtures are contemplated, no specific mixtures of esters were described. 

Cyanamide is used in the production of synthetic rubber, cyanide, fumigants, and metal cleaners. It has also found use as an intermediate for pesticides, herbicides, detergents, medicines (e.g., antihistamines, hypertension, sedatives), in the photography industry, as an additive for fuels, lubricants, and cements, and as a paper preservative. The dimer (dicyandiamide) is a raw material for melamine and guanidine. 

Exxon Research and Engineering Co. (1979) Polymeric Additives for Fuels and Lubricants . US Patent 4,144,181. 

As of 1998, Exxon was the third largest U.S. corporation in terms of revenues, in excess of 122 billion. It was incorporated in the state of New Jersey in 1898 and became a distinct entity upon the dissolution of the Standard Oil Trust in 1911. In 1997 about 14 billion (10.3% of Exxon s total revenue) was attributed to chemicals, making it the third largest U.S. producer of chemicals. The chemical products include basic petrochemicals, including olefins and aromatics, additives for fuels and lubricants, polyethylene and polypropylene plastics, specialty resins, specialty and commodity solvents, and performance chemicals for oil field operations. 

Anisole is mentioned in the literature as an additive for fuel. Introducing between 2 and 9 % of anisole produces, high octane ratings (ref. 18-20). 

Kerostat . [BASF AG] Amino carboxy-lates antistatic additive for fuels. 

Corromin. [Kao Coip. SA] Cationics corrosion inhibitor for crude oil refining systems, acid cleaning additives for fuel oils, hydraulic fluids. 

Another method of production, widely used by refineries, is partial oxidation of hydrocarbons such as crude oil or natural gas. This process is widely used at European refineries to produce hydrogen additives for fuels, petrochemicals, and other hydrogen uses. The basic process is carried out at temperatures of 1200-1450°C and requires pure oxygen. The NPO process is inherently less efficient than steam reforming. 

Prodncts and Uses Useful in varnish remover, cleaning solutions, anti-icing additive for fuels, and as... 

Lower molecular weight polyisobutylene is sold by BASF as Glissopal , as an important intermediate for the manufacture of additives for fuels and lubricants, made in plants in Antwerp and Ludwigshafen of capacities 100,000 and... 

Uses Intermediate epoxy curative solvent for gas treatment surfactant (asphalt emulsifiers, textiles) corrosion/scale inhibitor additive for fuel, oil, plastic, petrol, and chem. processing extender, catalyst for PU polyamide monomer for coatings, adhesives, sealants, elastomers Regulatory CERCLA reportable... 

Chem. Descrip. 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate CAS 103-11-7 EINECS/ELINCS 203-080-7 Uses Copolymer intermediate for resins and dispersions forfabrics, inks, glues, and adhesives cleaning and waxing prods. org. synthesis aq. disp. for nonwoven fabrics, textiles, and paper additives for fuel oils and lubricants syn. rubber and latexes plastics and syn. resins Properties APFIA10 max. clear liq. m.w. 184 sp.gr. 0.880 vise. 1.52 mPa s vapor pressure < 1 mbar (20 C) f.p. - 90 C b.p. 213.5 C ( 1013 mbar) flash pt. (OC) 92 C ref. index 1.433 Precautiorr Flamm. 

Uses Corrosion inhibitor for metalworking fluids antistat additive for fuel, lubricant, petrol, refining intermediate for surfactants, textile foaming agents, ethoxylates and agric. chem. crosslinking agent for epoxy resins Hexyl phenylacetate... 

Synonyms 3-Decoxypropane-1-amine 3-(Decyloxy)-I-propanamine 3-Decyloxypropylamine 1-Propanamine, 3-(decyloxy)-Empirical C13H29NO Properties M.w. 215.37 cationic Uses Emulsifier corrosion inhibitor for metalworking fluids antistat flotation collector additive for fuel, lubricants, petrol, refining intermediate for surfactants, textile foamers, ethoxylates, agric. chems. crosslinking agent for epoxies Trade Name Synonyms PA-14 [Tomah http //www.tomahproducts. com]... 

Empiricai C16H36N2O Properties M.w. 272.48 cationic Uses Corrosion inhibitor chemical intermediate for textile foamers, surfactants, agric. chems. additive for fuels, lubricants, petroi. refining crosslinking agent for epoxies bactericide Trade Name Synonyms DA-14 [Tomah http //www.tomahproducts. com] isodecyloxypropyl dihydroxyethyi methyl ammonium chloride CAS 125740-36-5... 

Uses Intermediate in pharmaceutical and agric. industries catalyst, corrosion inhibitor and additive for fuel against inflammation and for fatty acid esters during sulfonation to prevent coloring... 

Stabilizers of the indicated structure are used to protect polyolefins [223, 232, 233], polyvinyl chloride, and its copolymers [234] from ther-mooxidative destruction, and as antioxidizing additives for fuels and oils [95, 140]. 

Tertiary amyl alcohol is a chemical intermediate for producing corrosion inhibitors, additives for fuels and lubricants, peroxy esters, plasticizers, and pharmaceuticals, and has been used as a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents. Cyclohexanol is another alcoholic intermediate used in the production of pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, plasticizers, rubber chemicals, and cyclohexylamine. It has been used as a stabilizer for soaps and synthetic detergents as well as a solvent for textile dyes. 

The expected annuahzed inputs of lead via atmospheric emissions into other environmental compartments (see Chapter 5) must be balanced against the enormous quantities of postdeposition lead sequestered in soils, dusts, sediments, etc. over previous centuries, especially after the introduction of lead additives for fuels and the use of lead pigments in paints. Current lead inputs to environmental compartments wiU, through accumulation, be added to the historical lead deposition amounts. 

Copolymers derived from methacrylic esters of long-chain alcohols, such as lauryl, stearyl, and dodecyl, may be modified to give useful lubricating and fuel oil additives.As an example, equimolar quantities of lauryl methacrylate and MA were copolymerized for 6 h in refluxing benzene with BPO initiator. Post reaction of the methanol-precipitated polymer with octodecyl alcohol and dibutylamine provide an oil-soluble derivative useful as an antisludging additive for fuel oils. ... 

Long-chain alkyl methacrylates, ethyl acrylate, and a small amount of MA have been copolymerized in high boiling naptha with peroxides and promoters such as Hyamine 22 (quaternary ammonium salt) at 105 C. The solutions have been used as a modifier for baking enamels. " Post reaction of the anhydride moiety in the terpolymer with aminoethyl ethylene urea formed detergent additives for fuel and lube oils. " " ... 

Derivatives of EMA resins are useful in both the oil field and as additives for fuel oils or lubricants. As additives for oil well drilling muds, the derivatives help reduce water loss due to filtration and perform as viscosity control agents. Long-chain alkyl amine derivatives are useful as antistatic additives for fuel oils. Antistatic coatings are also readily available for many other applications. Aqueous solutions of EMA resins are claimed to be useful in foam systems for dust control. For example, aqueous solutions of the resins can be used to trap 90-95% of the airborne dust generated in a coal cutting laboratory. ... 

Dimethyl carbonate can be a promising replacement of methyl tertiary-butyl ether as an environmentally safe antiknock additive for fuels [292], It is a monomer used for the production of polycarbonates, a methylating agent, and a green solvent [290,293]. 

Isobutene is primarily used as a precursor for various chemicals. It is used in a polymerisation reaction with isoprene for the production of polybutene (butyl rubber used for the production of tires and other synthetic mbbers). Further products include polyisobutene, diisobutene, methacrolein, methacrylic acid, tert-butanol, alkyl-tert-butyl ether, additives for fuels and lubricants, vitamins, fragrances, isoprene, mercaptanes, alkylphenols, antioxidants in the food industry. 

Uses Collector for flotation processes additive for fuels, lubricants, petrol, refining corrosion Inhibitor for metalworking fluids intermediate for textile foaming agents, specialty surfactants, ethoxylates, agric. chems. crosslinking agent for epoxy resins... 

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