Acrylic acid acrylamide

Another binary mixture, namely, (acrylic acid/ acrylamide) was grafted onto carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC) [25]. 

Figure 2-8. Acrylic acid, acrylamide, methacrylic acid, methacrylamide, hydroxyethyl acrylate, N,N-dimethylmethacrylamide, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, N-methylmethacrylamide.

Applications As the basic process of electron transfer at an electrode is a fundamental electrochemical principle, polarography can widely be applied. Polarography can be used to determine electroreductible substances such as monomers, organic peroxides, accelerators and antioxidants in solvent extracts of polymers. Residual amounts of monomers remain in manufactured batches of (co)polymers. For food-packaging applications, it is necessary to ensure that the content of such monomers is below regulated level. Polarography has been used for a variety of monomers (styrene, a-methylstyrene, acrylic acid, acrylamide, acrylonitrile, methylmethacrylate) in... 

After a few minutes irradiation with a high pressure mercury lamp at about 50 C, a rather complete cover of grafted acrylic acid, acrylamide and other vinyl monomers could be obtained. In later experiments a continuous grafting method has been developed where a tape or a fiber bundle after suitable pretreatment is grafted by UV irradiation for a few seconds. Homopolymer formed is removed by washing and grafted polymer analyzed by dye absorption, IR reflection and ESCA spectroscopy. 

AA AAm Con A DSS DSS-gel LCST MAPTAC MBA MP MP-gel NIPA ONPG PVMA SSPG Tc TMED acrylic acid acrylamide concanavalin A dextran sulfate sodium gel containing Con A/DSS complex lower critical solution temperature [(methacrylamide)propyl]trimethylammonium chloride /V,/V -methylenebis(acrylamide) a-methyl-D-mannopyranoside gel containing Con A/MP complex /V-isopropylacrylamide O-nitrophenyl-P-D-galactopyranoside poly(vinyl methyl ether) stimulus-sensitive polymer gel transition temperature /V,/V,/V, /V -tetramethylethylenediamine... 

CA 52,8560(1958) [Water-resistant blasting expl NG 7.8, AN 75, NaNOg 4.3, NaCl 1.5, carbonaceous fuel 8.4 polymeric mixt iuethylenebisacrylamide 3, acrylamide 95 KgSgOg %) 3%. This compn is 3-4 times as w resistant as a similar compn w/o the acrylamide mixt. An expl contg a copolymer of 10/90- acrylic acid/acrylamide 80 AL(S04)3- 7H20 20% also shows excellent resistance]... 

The SDA gave the technical expertise to several USA companies for further development of the basic technology. A wide range of grating combinations was attempted including work with acrylic acid, acrylamide, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). 

Ultraviolet polymerization has been used to graft acrylic acid, acrylamide, dim-ethylacrylamide, 2-hydroxylethyl acrylate, or poly(ethyleneglycol) monomethoxyl... 

In inverse (water-in-oil) miniemulsions, hydrophilic monomers can easily be polymerized. Here, the monomer or the monomer solution is miniemulsified in a continuous hydrophobic phase. The polymerization can be initiated either from the droplet or from the continuous phase. Using crosslinking agent(s) in the monomer mixture leads to the formation of microgel nanoparticles after polymerization, keeping their identity after transferring them into water as continuous phase. This way, nanoparticles based on acrylic acid, acrylamide (AAm) and HEMA could successfully be obtained (see Fig. 3) [2],... 

The donors used are, for example, 1,3,2-dioxaphospholane [163], 2-phenylimino-l,3-dioxolane [164]. Vinyl monomers with electronegative substituents (acrylic acid, acrylamide, methacrylonitrile, etc.), 3-hydroxy-1-propanesulphonic acid anhydride, / -propiolactone [163], etc. may be used as acceptors. 

Bolshakov et al. described low-temperature (100-130 K) polymerizations of acrylic acid, acrylamide, and methyl acrylate, in which radical mobility was strongly hindered by their specific interactions with the molecules of a melting alcohol matrix [50]. 

Husemann [6] prepared UV-transparent adhesives consisting of acrylic acid, acrylamide, and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate that were effective as pressure-sensitive adhesives. 

General. Aqueous solutions of hydrophilic monomers were emulsified in xylene using water-in-oil emulsifiers, and polymerized using oil-soluble initiators. Typical hydrophilic monomers were sodium p-vinylbenzene sulfonate, sodium vinylbenzyl sulfonate, 2-sulfoethyl acrylate, acrylic acid, acrylamide, vinylbenzyl-trimethylammonium chloride, and 2-aminoethyl methacrylate hydrochloride. Typical oil-soluble initiators were benzoyl and lauroyl peroxides. In some cases, water-soluble potassium persulfate was used, both separately and in mixtures with oil-soluble peroxides. Of the water-in-oil emulsifiers, one of the most effective was Span 60 (technical sorbitan monostearate. Atlas Chemical Industries, Inc.). 

In some cases reactive alkenes can be polymerized with Kolbe radicals as initiators, e.g. styrene, acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, methyl acrylate, acrylic acid, acrylamide or vinyl chloride. - The addition of Kolbe radicals to pyridine, benzotrifluoride or benzonitrile affords only low yields. 

Around the same time, Mansmann and coworkers reported the production of carbon fibers from a variety of dry-spun materials, including lignin (lignosulfonates) by the simple addition of small amounts of PEO or acrylic acid-acrylamide copolymers. Although similar to the procedure of Ohtani, Mansmann employed acidic rather than neutral and/or alkaline spinning conditions. 

S. Konig and I. Ugi, Z. Naturforsch., submitted similar experiments with acrylic acid/acrylamide copolymers were done at Bayer A.G. by P. Hoffmann and I. Ugi in 1966-1967. 

Low-density polyethylene Acrylic acid, acrylamide, vinyl pyridine, glycidyl acrylate Enhanced hydrophilicity and dye adsorption, adhesion to different substrates [91, 92]... 

Ultrafine inorganic parti- Acrylic acid, acrylamide, Grafted materials give [104]... 

The first method has proofed to be very useful in the determination of polyacrylic acid, polyacrylamide and the acrylic acid-acrylamide copolymer in industrial solutions. ... 

---