Acrylic acid lacquers

Emulsion paints are based on aqueous synthetic resin dispersions, which afford a lacquer-like paint film. The resin dispersions which are commonly used by the paint industry contain water as the carrier phase. A large number of such dispersions are available, based on different resins such as poly(vinyl acetate), which may be employed as a copolymer with vinyl chloride, maleic dibutyl ester, ethylene, acrylic acid esters, polyacrylic resin, and copolymers of the latter with various monomers, as well as styrene-butadiene or poly(vinyl propionate). These disper-... 

The use of acrylic add can be traced at least as far back as about 1900. It was an additive for paints and lacquers. Due to the tendency for acrylic acid to polymerize at low temperatures, it accelerated the drying process. The users probably didn t understand the chemistry of polymerization at the time, only that it worked. 

Small concentrations of vinylcarboxylic acids, eg, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, or itaconic acid, are sometimes included to enhance adhesion of the polymer to the substrate. The ability to crystallize and the extent of crystallization are reduced with increasing concentration of the comonomers some commercial polymers do not crystallize. The most common lacquer resins are terpolymers of VDC—methyl methacrylate—acrylonitrile (162,163). The VDC level and the methyl methacrylate—acrylonitrile ratio are adjusted for the best balance of solubility and permeability. These polymers exhibit a unique combination of high solubility, low permeability, and rapid crystallization (164). 

Vinyl lacquers are used mainly where a high degree of chemical resistance is required these lacquers are based on vinyl chlorides and vinyl acetates. Acrylic lacquers are based on methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate polymers and copolymers. Other esters of acrylic and methacrylic acid also may be used to make nonconvertible film formers. Judicious selection of these acrylic acid or methacrylic acid esters allows one to produce film formers with specifically designed properties such as hardness, flexibility, gloss, durability, heat, and chemical resistance. Acrylic lacquers, however, are not noted for their water resistance. The principal uses of acrylic-type lacquers are fluorescent and metallic paints, car refinish applications, clear lacquers and sealers for metals, and protective coatings for aircraft components and for vacuum-deposited metals, as well as uses in pigmented coatings for cabinets and appliances. 

Poly(acrylates) and poly(methacrylates) form another class of common polymers with saturated carbon chain backbone. Polyacrylates can be considered vinyl polymers with the -COOR group attached at every other carbon atom in the chain. However, due to their common use and particular properties, polyacrylates form a separate polymer class together with polymethacrylates. Among the most common polymers from this class are those obtained from acrylic acid methyl ester (PMA) and methylacrylic (methacrylic) acid methyl ester (PMMA). Acrylic polymers have many practical applications in automotive industry, in the production of medical materials, paints, coatings and lacquers, adhesives, textiles, and synthetic leather. Poly(methacrylic acid methyl ester) can be obtained in cast sheets with applications in technical components, furniture, building materials, etc. Formulas for poly(acrylic acid), two polyacrylates, and poly(methyl methacrylate) are shown below ... 

The most common polymers from the group of poly(acrylic acid esters) are poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) CAS 9003-21-8, poly(ethyl acrylate) CAS 9003-32-1, poly(butyl acrylate) CAS 9003-49-0, and poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate) CAS 9003-77-4. These materials can be found in many consumer products starting with automotive parts, paints and lacquers [12-21], adhesives, or are present in fibers as copolymers [22]. 

Natural Polymers and Cellulose Esters The photodegradation of painted wood panels has been found to fail at the wood paint interface 4 while acid treatment of methylcellulose accentuates its rate of photodegradation . Silk fibres have been found to form a roll-like structure after laser ablation with 193 nm light whereas the weatherability of lacquer coated leather has been investigated in a number of weatherometers . Poly(acrylic acid) up to 25% w/w has been found... 

Acrylate UV Lacquer Acrylic acid (2-Propenoic acid)... 

Acrylics. Acetone is converted via the intermediate acetone cyanohydrin to the monomer methyl methacrylate (MMA) [80-62-6]. The MMA is polymerized to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) to make the familiar clear acryUc sheet. PMMA is also used in mol ding and extmsion powders. Hydrolysis of acetone cyanohydrin gives methacrylic acid (MAA), a monomer which goes direcdy into acryUc latexes, carboxylated styrene—butadiene polymers, or ethylene—MAA ionomers. As part of the methacrylic stmcture, acetone is found in the following major end use products acryUc sheet mol ding resins, impact modifiers and processing aids, acryUc film, ABS and polyester resin modifiers, surface coatings, acryUc lacquers, emulsion polymers, petroleum chemicals, and various copolymers (see METHACRYLIC ACID AND DERIVATIVES METHACRYLIC POLYMERS). 

Coating materials may be based on short or medium-oil alkyds (e.g. primers for door and window frames) nitrocellulose or thermoplastic acrylics (e.g. lacquers for paper or furniture finishes) amino resin-alkyd coatings, with or without nitrocellulose inclusions, but with a strong acid catalyst to promote low temperature cure (furniture finishes) two-pack polyurethanes (furniture, flat boards) unsaturated polyester resins in styrene with free-radical cure initiated by peroxides (furniture) or unsaturated acrylic oligomers and monomers cured by u.v. radiation or electron beams (coatings for record sleeves paperback covers, knock-down furniture or flush interior doors). 

Suspension polymerization also is used When acrylic monomers or their mixtures with other monomers are polymerized while suspended (usually in aqueous system), the polymeric product is obtained m the form of small beads, sometimes called pearls or granules. Bead polymers are the basis of the production of molding powders and denture materials. Polymers derived from acrylic or methacrylic acid furnish exchange resins of the carboxylic acid type. Solutions in organic solvents furnish lacquers, coatings and cements, while water-soluble hydrolysates are used as thickeners, adhesives, and sizes. 

Resins, types of polymers, are the thickening and hardening agents that, without pigments, serve as colorless nail protectors resembling clear furniture lacquer. These agents include nitrocellulose (collodion) and different acrylate and polyester/polyurethane copolymers. Copolymers include chemicals such as methacrylic acid, isobutyl methacrylate, toluenesulfona-mide formaldehyde resin, phthallic anhydride/trimellitic anhydride/glycol copolymer, tosylamide/formaldehyde resin, and dimethicone copolyol. 

Ethylhexyl 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-acryl-ate Neo Heliopan 303 Octocrilene Octocrileno Octocrilenum Octocrylene 2-Propenoic acid, 2-cyano-3,3-diphenyl-, 2-ethylhexyl ester UV Absorber-3 Uvinul N-539. UV-B absorber for cosmetics, waterproof sunscreens. Used in flexible and rigid PVC in NC lacquers, varnishes, vinyl flooring, and oil-based paints in Aerosol and oil-based suntan lotions nonreactive with metallic driers. Liquid mp = -10° bpi.5 = 218° d = 1.051 insoluble In H2O, soluble in organic solvents. BASF Corp. Haarmann i Reimer GmbH. 

Chem. Descrip. Phthalate ester of tech, hydroabietyl alcohol Uses Tackifier for NR, SBR, NBR, CR, chlorinated rubbers, EVA, acrylics, polyamides for cements, hot-melt and pressure-sensitive adhesives, sealants, tapes, laminants, specialty nitrocellulose lacquers, printing inks Properties Pale solid sol. in esters, ketones, higher alcohols, coal tar, petrol, hydrocarbons dens. 1.05 kg/l soften, pt. 63 C acid no. 6 sapon. no. 129 ref. index 1.527 Cellosize ER-15M [Dow]... 

Chem. Descrip. Zinc phosphate pigment CAS 7779-90-0 EINECS/ELINCS 231-143-9 Uses Corrosion inhibitor, pigment for aikyds, water reducible epoxies and aikyds, latex emulsions, epoxy esters, acid catalyzed systems, acrylic lacquer emulsions, vinyiidene chloride systems, polyesters, thin film applies., high gloss systems... 

Chem. Descrip. Acrylic resin (60%) in butyl acetate Uses Acrylic for air-drying and forced-drying two-pack coatings for industrial lacquers, car repair coatings Features Hydroxy-functional crosslinkable with polyisocyanales Prqretties Hazen < 50 color dilutable with toluene, xylene, acetone, MEK, MIBK, methot propyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate dens. = 1.01 g/cm (20 C) dynamic vise. 1150-2200 mPa s acid no. 5-10 hyd. no. = 90 flash pt. = 25 C 58-62% NV Storage 12 mos min. shelf life when stored in original containers below 25 C... 

Uses Solvent in coil, container, and automotive coatings, printing inks, acrylic lacquers, enamels, surf, primers for epoxies and polyesters, paint strippers, foundry core binders, resin cleanup, intermediates, industrial cleaners, wire enamel resins Features Offers VOC compliance, noncorrosive Regulatory DOT nonregulated SARA 302, 313 nonreportable Properties APHA 50 max. sweet odor sol. in alcohols, esters, glycol ethers, halogenated soivs., ketones, hydrocarbons sol. 5.5% in water m.w. 160 sp.gr. 1.086 dens. 9.06 Ib/gal vise. 3.88 cps f.p. -40.2 C b.p. 200-220 C acid no. 0.1 flash pt. (PMCC) 102 C surf. tens. 35.4 dynes/ cm 0.1% max. water content... 

FIGURE 8.1 Pyrograms of an acrylic lacquer, acrylic enamel, and aUcyd enamel used in some original automotive topcoat paint systems. 1 = methyl methacrylate, 2 = methacryUc acid, 3 = dibutyl phthalate, 4 = butyl cyclohexyl phthalate, 5 = butyl benzyl phthalate, 6 = butanol, 7 = styrene, 8 = butyl methacrylate, 9 = 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, 10 = isobutanol, 11 = vinyltoluene, 12 = phthalic anhydride, and 13 = phthalimide. 

The variability in the pyrolysis profiles of the different classes of coatings is self-evident. The interpretation of the composition revealed is as follows The acrylic lacquer (General Motors) is a methyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid copolymer plasticized with dibutyl-, butyl cyclohexyl-, and butyl benzyl phthalates. The acrylic enamel (Ford) is a styrene/ethylhexyl acrylale/methyl methacrylate terpolymer. The alkyd enamel (Honda) pyrolysis profile indicates that the paint resin is an orthoph-thaUc alkyd containing a butylated-amino resin cross-linking component. 

FIGURE 8.2 Pyrograms of three refinishing acrylic lacquers of different composition. (A) Methyl methacrylate (MMA)-butyl methacrylate (BMA)-methacrylic acid (MA) terpolymer plasticized with butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP). (B) MMA-MA copolymer plasticized with a mixture of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and butyl cyclohexyl phthalate (BCP). (C) MMA-EA (ethyl acrylate) long-chain methacrylate type polymer plasticized with BBP. 

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