Force-drying

Do not force dry. Force drying can cause a skin to form that acts as a vapor barrier, preventing further drying. 

Figure 2-20. Universal drying curves (wet basis) for large tubes accounting for ramps in drying force and differing tube diameters. The solid line is derived from dry-ability function for this type of gel body.

In high permeability reservoirs, wells may produce dry oil for a limited time following a shut-in period, during which gravity forces have segregated oil and water near the wellbore. In fields with more production potential than production capacity, wells can be alternately produced and shut in (intermittentproduction) to reduce the field water cut. This may still be an attractive option at reduced rates very late in field life, if redundant facilities can be decommissioned to reduce operating costs. 

Fig. VI-7. The force between two crossed mica cylinders in dry OMCTS. The cylinder radii R were about 1 cm. The dashed lines show the presumed, experimentally inaccessible, transition between a repulsive maximum and an attractive minimum. (From Ref. 68.)...

In a series of tests a car is brought to a certain speed, then braked by applying a certain force F on the brake pedal, and the deceleration a is measured. The pavement is dry concrete, and force Fq is just sufficient to cause skidding. Sketch roughly how you think the plot of a versus F should look, up to F values well beyond Fq. 

Metallic sodium. This metal is employed for the drying of ethers and of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons. The bulk of the water should first be removed from the liquid or solution by a preliminary drying with anhydrous calcium chloride or magnesium sulphate. Sodium is most effective in the form of fine wire, which is forced directly into the liquid by means of a sodium press (see under Ether, Section II,47,i) a large surface is thus presented to the liquid. It cannot be used for any compound with which it reacts or which is affected by alkalis or is easily subject to reduction (due to the hydrogen evolved during the dehydration), viz., alcohols, acids, esters, organic halides, ketones, aldehydes, and some amines. 

CHIYODA thoroughbred 121 process forced oxidation lime spray drying... 

Other Centrifugal Collectors. Cyclones and modified centrifugal collectors are often used to remove entrained Hquids from a gas stream. Cyclones for this purpose have been described (167—169). The rotary stream dust separator (170,171), a newer dry centrifugal collector with improved collection efficiency on particles down to 1—2 pm, is considered more expensive and hence has been found less attractive than cyclones unless improved collection in the 2—10-pm particle range is a necessity. A number of inertial centrifugal force devices as well as some others termed dynamic collectors have been described in the Hterature (170). 

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