Acrylic acid anhydride

In a study of the sequential IPN system PnBA/PS, it was decided to crosslink the PnBA component with acrylic acid anhydride, AAA. 

The use of labile crosslinks allows a different approach to the study of interpenetrating polymer networks. With acrylic acid anhydride as the crosslinker, hydrolysis leads to a linear polymer easy to extract and characterize, and to a pure homopolymer network whose characteristics can be compared with an identical network prepared by classical methods. 

As the example of 2-vinyl butadiene has already shown, the free radical polymerization of dienes is particularly interesting. Because of the two bifunctional double bonds, 1,4-dienes, CH2=CH—R—CH=CH2, are normally tetrafunctional and therefore lead to branching and cross-linking even at relatively low yield. With certain initiators, however, 1,3-dienes such as CH2=CH—CH=CH2, butadiene, or CH2==C(CH3)—CH=CH2, isoprene, react bifunctionally to form unbranched 1,4-poly (dienes). Symmetric 1,6-dienes, and frequently also symmetric 1,5-dienes, likewise give more or less unbranched molecules. In contrast to the l,4-poly(dienes), however, the 1,6- and l,5-poly(dienes) only possess slight unsaturation. That is, intramolecular ring formation by a cyclopolymerization occurs, for example, in the 1,6-diene acrylic acid anhydride. 

E. A. Neubauer, D. A. Thomas, and L. H. Sperling, Effect of Decrosslinking and Annealing on Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Prepared from Poly(ethyl acrylate)/poly-styrene Combinations, Polymer 19(2), 188 (1978). Decrosslinking of PEP/PS IPNs. Hydrolysis of Acrylic acid anhydride. Morphology and physical properties. 

Using IPN s, one polymer or the other can be crosslinked with acrylic acid anhydride, AAA, which is a labile, hydrolyzable bond. On soaking in warm ammonia water, the bond is broken, and a linear polymer emerges. The decrosslinked component can then be extracted. Alternatively, on annealing, new morphologies may emerge. ... 

W. A. Raczynski [461] reacted acrylic acid, acetylene and Ni(CO)4 in inert solvents at 40-50 °C and obtained acrylic acid anhydride in 88.3% yield. Acrylic acid anhydride also is formed starting from acetylene, carbon monoxide and water [462]. 

Figure 10 cross-poly(ethyl acrylate), PEA, and cross-poly(methyl methacrylate) PMMA, IPN s before and after decrosslinking the acrylic acid anhydride, AAA, moiety, plotted in the traditional semi-log way (a,c) and the linear loss modulus portion plotted vs. temperature (b, d). Although the shapes of the curves are changed by decrosslinking and annealing (c, d), the areas under the linear loss modulus-temperature curve remain constant ... 

As an application of this nucleophilic reactivity, 2-aminothiazole was used to partially convert into amide the polymer obtained from acrylic acid, benzene, and acetic anhydride (271). An aqueous medium is reported to favor the reaction between acetic anhydride and 2-aminothiazole (272). 

Acrylic acid polymers Acrylic adhesives Acrylic anhydride Acrylic copolymer Acrylic-cotton blends Acrylic elastomers... 

During the reaction, the palladium catalyst is reduced. It is reoxidized by a co-catalyst system such as cupric chloride and oxygen. The products are acryhc acid in a carboxyUc acid-anhydride mixture or acryUc esters in an alcohoHc solvent. Reaction products also include significant amounts of 3-acryloxypropionic acid [24615-84-7] and alkyl 3-alkoxypropionates, which can be converted thermally to the corresponding acrylates (23,98). The overall reaction may be represented by ... 

Itaconic acid, anhydride, and mono- and diesters undergo vinyl polymerization. Rates of polymerization and intrinsic viscosities of the resulting homopolymers ate lower than those of the related acrylates (see Acrylic ester polymers) (8,9). 

Extension of the chlorosulfonation technology to base resins other than polyethylene, where value can be added, seems a logical next step. Polypropylene and ethylene copolymers containing additional functionaUty, ie, maleic anhydride graft, vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, etc, have been chlorinated and chlorosulfonated to broaden the appHcation base, particularly in coatings and adhesives (9,10). 

In order to improve the physical properties of HDPE and LDPE, copolymers of ethylene and small amounts of other monomers such as higher olefins, ethyl acrylate, maleic anhydride, vinyl acetate, or acryUc acid are added to the polyethylene. Eor example, linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE), although linear, has a significant number of branches introduced by using comonomers such as 1-butene or 1-octene. The linearity provides strength, whereas branching provides toughness. 

This azlactone is prepared readily from benzaldehyde according to the procedure given for the azlactone of a-ben-zoylamino-/3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-acrylic acid (Org. Syn. 13, 8). From 53 g. (0.5 mole) of benzaldehyde, 89.5 g. (0.5 mole) of hippuric acid, 41 g. of fused sodium acetate, and 153 g. of acetic anhydride there is obtained 78-80 g. (62-64 per cent yield) of an almost pure product melting at 165-166° (corr.). This material is sufficiently pure for use in the preparation of phenylalanine. By crystallization from 150 cc. of benzene a product melting at 167-168° (corr.) is obtained. 

Note Maximum ambient levels for ethylene oxide are 0.3 ppb at the plant fence. Maximum total emissions of the VOCs acetaldehyde, acrylic acid, benzyl chloride, carbon tetrachloride, chlorofluorocarbons, ethyl acrylate, halons, maleic anhydride, 1,1,1-trichlorethane, trichloroethylene, and trichlorotoluene are 20 mg/Nnf. Maximum total heavy metal emissions are 1.5 mg/Nnf. 

Attenlion should be drawn to ihe use of tin oxide systems as heterogeneous catalysts. The oldest and mosi extensively patented systems are the mixed lin-vanadium oxide catalysis for the oxidation of aromatic compounds such as benzene, toluene, xylenes and naphthalene in the. synthesis of organic acids and acid anhydride.s. More recenily mixed lin-aniimony oxides have been applied lo the selective oxidaiion and ammoxidaiion of propylene to acrolein, acrylic acid and acrylonilrile. 

Blends based on polyolefins have been compatibilized by reactive extrusion where functionalized polyolefins are used to form copolymers that bridge the phases. Maleic anhydride modified polyolefins and acrylic acid modified polyolefins are the commonly used modified polymers used as the compatibilizer in polyolefin-polyamide systems. The chemical reaction involved in the formation of block copolymers by the reaction of the amine end group on nylon and anhydride groups or carboxylic groups on modified polyolefins is shown in Scheme 1. 

PP-g-AA - acrylic acid grafted polypropylene PP-g-MAH - maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene PPacr - acrylic acid grafted polypropylene PPmal - maleic anhdride grafted polypropylene PPS - polyphenylene sulfide PS - polystyrene... 

Several other types of monomers have been successfully used for the spontaneous copolymerization266). For MN, 2-oxazine, N-benzyliminotetrahydrofuran, N-ben-zylidene aniline, dioxaphospholanes and 1,3,3-trimethylazetidine were used and as Mg, succinic anhydride, propane sultone, acrylic acid and acrylamide were used268"273). 

A mixture of sulfonated styrene-maleic anhydride copolymer and polymers prepared from acrylic acid or acrylamide and their derivatives [759] are dispersants for drilling fluids. The rheologic characteristics of aqueous well drilling fluids are enhanced by incorporating into the fluids small amounts of sulfonated styrene-itaconic acid copolymers [761] and an acrylic acid or acrylamide polymer [755]. 

Polymer Media Polymaleic Anhydride Poly Acrylic Acid Polyvinyl Phosphonic Acid Polyvinyl Sulfonic Acid Polystyrene Sulfonate Tripoly Phosphate... 

St styrene, MMA methyl methacrylate, IB isobutene, VAc vinyl acetate, VC1 vinyl chloride, DiPF diisopropyl fumarate, AA acrylic acid, MAn maleic anhydride, IBVE isobutyl vinyl ether. 

Acrylic acid, /ro i-/3-(o-NiTROPHEira.)-a-PHENYL-, 35, 89 Acrylonitrile, 30, 80 36, 6 Acrylonitrile, triphenyl-, 31, 52 Acylation of ethanolamine with phthalic anhydride, 32, 19 Acyloin reaction, 36, 79 2-Acylpyridines, phenylhydrazones of,... 

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