Polyvinyl phosphonate

Polymer Media Polymaleic Anhydride Poly Acrylic Acid Polyvinyl Phosphonic Acid Polyvinyl Sulfonic Acid Polystyrene Sulfonate Tripoly Phosphate... 

Various formulations for dental treatment incorporate polymerised phosphonates, which offer certain advantages over phosphates (Section 12.13). Polyvinyl phosphonic add (12.157) and polyethylene phosphonate (12.159) are adsorbed as monolayers on tooth enamel where they resist decay [29]. Copolymers of vinylphosphonic acid and vinylphosphonyl fluoride (12.201) are also adsorbed on tooth surfaces and provide extra resistance to decay by slowly releasing F which can substitute in the tooth hydroxyapatite [30]. 

Two inorganic acids - phosphonic and phosphoric acid - have been in the focus of several theoretical studies in connection with fuel-cell membranes. Phosphoric acid is used as a proton-conducting electrolyte, whereas phosphonic acid is used as a protogenic group in proton-conducting polymers (e.g. in polyvinyl phosphonic acid). 

In [74], completely phosphoric acid-free inter-mediate-T membranes and MEAs from 1/1 (mole imidazole/mole PO3H2) blend membranes of the PBI B5 (Fig. 4.4) and the phosphonated polymer polyvinyl phosphonic acid (PVPA) S12 (Fig. 4.5) were presented and compared to PA-doped membranes and MEAs. In the MEAs, a Pt electrocatalyst was deposited onto multiwaUed carbon nanotubes (MWNT) which have previously been coated with B5. This technique has previously been used for the preparation of electrocatalysts for anion-exchange membrane fuel cells [75]. In the final step, the MWNTs were coated with a layer of S12. It turned out that these membranes and MEAs possessed much higher durabilities than membranes and MEAs which have been doped with PA, therefore opening leeway for long-lasting intermediate-T fuel cell membranes without the PA leaching problems which are always present in PA-doped intermediate-T membranes and MEAs [76]. 

Parvole et al. [46] have synthesized multifunctional membranes with phase separated morphology to achieve high proton conductivity under dry and wet conditions along with good mechanical properties. The work involved anionic grafting of polyvinyl (phosphonic acid) side chains as phosphonated component onto polysul-fones (PSU-PVPA) shown in Scheme 4.8(b) and Table 4.2. 

Popova, Z.V., Yanovskii, D.M., Kii pichnikov, P.A., Kapustina, A.S., and Davydova, V.M., Stabilization of polyvinyl chloride by alkyl phosphonic acid esters, Zh. Prikl. Khim. (Leningrad), 36, 187, 1963 J. Appl. Chem. USSR (Engl. Transl.), 36, 173, 1963. 

The work of Binsu et al. has focused on the phosphonic functionalization of chitosan combined with polyvinyl alcohol and has yielded the highest fuel cell... 

UV absorber, PMMA 2-[2-Hydroxy-3,5-d i-( 1,1 -di methyl benzyl) phenyl]-2H-benzotri azole UV absorber, polishes Phenyl salicylate UV absorber, polyamide 2-[2-Hy d roxy-3,5-d i -(1,1 -d i methyl benzyl) phenyl]-2H-benzotri azole UV absorber, polyester Benzophenone-3 Bis [2-hydroxy-5-methyl-3-(benzotriazol-2-yl) phenyl] methane UV absorber, polyester dyed fabrics Benzophenone-1 UV absorber, polyesters Benzophenone-2 Benzophenone-6 Bis [2-hydroxy-5-t-octyl-3-(benzotriazol-2-yl) phenyl] methane Bumetrizole 4-Dodecyloxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone Drometrizole Octrizole Phenyl salicylate 2,4,4 -Trihydroxybenzophenone UV absorber, polymers 4-(2-Acryloyloxyethoxy)-2-hydroxybenzophenone polymer Benzophenone-1 Dipropylene glycol salicylate Drometrizole 2,4,4 -T ri hydroxybenzophenone UV absorber, polymethyl methacrylate 2,4,4 -Tri hydroxybenzophenone UV absorber, polyolefins Bumetrizole 2-(3, 5 -Di-t-butyl-2 -hydroxyphenyl)-5-chlorobenzotriazole 2-(2 -Hydroxy-3,5 -di-t-amylphenyl) benzotriazole Nickel bis [0-ethyl (3,5-di-t-butyl-4-hydroxybenzyl)] phosphonate Nickel diisobutyidithiocarbamate UV absorber, polyvinyl butyral Octrizole UV absorber, PP... 

Mixtures of metal salts (M = Mg, Ca, Zn, Ba, Cd, Sn, and Pb) of different monoalkyl H-phosphonates (R = alkyl [Ci to C20], alkylaryl, cycloalkyl) are used as stabilizers for polyvinyl chloride in quantities ranging from 0.1 to 10 parts by weight [124]. They efficiently protect the color, transparency, and compatibility of these plastic materials when heated up to 175 °C. 

Vinyl and allyl phosphonates can be used as comonomers in addition polymers. Also, modifications of polymers with phosphorus-containing groups, such as phosphorylation of polyvinyl alcohol, leads to improvements in flame retardancy compared to the polymers themselves. Phosphorus-containing acrylates have adhesive properties as well as FR ones. Acrylates containing phosphonic acid groups have some interesting and encouraging properties. 

Like anion exchangers, cation exchangers are divided into polymer-based cation exchangers (PS-DVB, EVB-DVB, polymethacrylate, and polyvinyl copolymers), latex-agglomerated cation exchangers, silica-based, and other (e.g., crown ether, aluminia materials).Modern cation exchangers contain sulfonic, carboxylic, car-boxylic-phosphonic, and carboxylic-phosphonic-crown ether functional groups. 

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