Acquired immunodeficiency virus

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Human Immunodeficiency Virus. Human immunodeficiency vims (HIV) causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which has no cure. HIV infects the cells of the human immune system, such as T-lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages. After a long period of latency and persistent infection, it results in the progressive decline of the immune system, and leads to full-blown AIDS, resulting in death. 

Viruses are small infectious agents composed of a nucleic acid genome (DNA or RNA) encased by structural proteins and in some cases a lipid envelope. They are the causative agents of a number of human infectious diseases, the most important for public health today being acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), hepatitis, influenza, measles, and vituses causing diarrhoea (e.g., rotavirus). In addition, certain viruses contribute to the development of cancer. Antiviral drugs inhibit viral replication by specifically targeting viral enzymes or functions and are used to treat specific virus-associated diseases. 

M ore than 200 viruses have been identified as capable of producing disease Acute viruses, such as the common cold, have a rapid onset and quick recovery. Chronic viral infections, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), have recurrent episodes of exacerbations (increases in severity of symptoms of the disease) and remissions (periods of partial or complete disappearance of the signs and symptoms). Display 14-1 describes the viruses discussed in this chapter. 

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The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV lymphadenopathy-associated virus, LAV human T-cell lymphotrophic virus type 3, HTLV III) is responsible for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS see Chapter 3). Because of the hazard and difficulties of growing the virus outside humans, a different approach has to be examined for determining viral sensitivity to disinfectants. 

Infection with a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1 and HIV-2 see Chapter 3) can cause the destruction of the TH cell, which is the eritieal eell of the immune system. This leads to the condition known as acquired immune deficieney syndrome (AIDS). At present, it is still not known why, in some cases, infection with HIV leaves the immune system intact whereas in others it is irreversibly destroyed, giving rise to AIDS. 

The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first recognized in 1981, and described in a cohort of young homosexual men with significant immune deficiency. Since then, human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been clearly identified as the major cause of AIDS.1 HIV-2 is much less prevalent than HIV-1, but also causes AIDS. HIV primarily targets CD4+ lymphocytes, which are critical to proper immune system function. If left untreated, patients experience a prolonged asymptomatic period followed by rapid, progressive immunodeficiency. Therefore, most complications experienced by patients with AIDS involve opportunistic infections and cancers. 

AIDS, acquired immune deficiency syndrome HIV, human immunodeficiency virus. (Adapted from the DHHS Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-1-Infected Adults and Adolescents, April 7, 2005.)... 

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