Acid anhydride naming

Names of Acid Halides Names of Acid Anhydrides Names of Esters Names of Amides Nitriles... 

In naming carboxylic acid anhydrides in which both acyl groups are the same we simply specify the acid and replace acid by anhydride When the acyl groups are dif ferent they are cited m alphabetical order... 

Acid Anhydrides. Symmetrical anhydrides of monocarboxylic acids, when unsubstituted, are named by replacing the word acid by anhydride. Anhydrides of substituted monocarboxylic acids, if symmetrically substituted, are named by prefixing bis- to the name of the acid and replacing the word acid by anhydride. Mixed anhydrides are named by giving in alphabetical order the first part of the names of the two acids followed by the word anhydride, e.g., acetic propionic anhydride or acetic propanoic anhydride. Cyclic anhydrides of polycarboxylic acids, although possessing a... 

Anhydrides. Anhydrides of inorganic acids are named as oxides for example, N2O5, dinitrogen pentaoxide. 

The primary Cr—O bonded species is cbromium (VT) oxide, CrO, which is better known as chromic acid [1115-74-5], the commercial and common name. This compound also has the aliases chromic trioxide and chromic acid anhydride and shows some similarity to SO. The crystals consist of infinite chains of vertex-shared CrO tetrahedra and are obtained as an orange-red precipitate from the addition of sulfuric acid to the potassium or sodium dichromate(VI). Completely dry CrO is very dark red to red purple, but the compound is deflquescent and even traces of water give the normal mby red color. Cbromium (VT) oxide is a very powerful oxidi2er and contact with oxidi2able organic compounds may cause fires or explosions. 

An interesting application of this reaction was the use of macro-molecular anhydrides, namely, styrene-maleic anhydride or vinyl acetate-maleic anhydride copolymers in the presence of perchloric acid as catalyst, these copolymers acylate mesityl oxide or d rpnone to macromolecular pyrylium salts which, with aryl substituents, are fluorescent.No crystalline products could be obtained from succinic anhydride because of the solubility and ease of decarboxylation. 

Symmetrical anhydrides of unsubslituted monocarboxylic acids and cyclic anhydrides of dicarboxylic acids are named by replacing the word acid with anhydride. 

Unsymmetrical anhydrides—those prepared from two different carboxylic acids—are named by citing the two acids alphabetically and then adding anhydride. 

Acid anhydride, amides from, 807 eleclrostatic potential map of, 791 esters from, 807 from acid chlorides, 806 from carboxylic acids, 795 1R spectroscopy of, 822-823 naming, 786... 

Naming, acid anhydrides—cont d prostaglandins, 1069 sulfides, 668 thioesters. 787 thiols, 667... 

The mixed sulfuric phosphoric anhydride (PAdoPS or PAPS) of 3 -phospho-5 -adenylic acid is named as an acyl sulfate ... 

The unlikely molecule in Figure 20—1 is a cyclic anhydride known by several names 2-butene-1,4-dicarboxylic acid anhydride cis-butene-dioic acid anhydride maleic anhydride (MA) and when youVe been in the business a long time, maleic. ... 

Jang and McDow (1997) studied the photodegradation of benzo[a]anthracene in the presence of three common constituents of atmospheric aerosols reported to accelerate benzo [a] anthracene, namely 9,10-anthroquinone, 9-xanthone, and vanillin. The photo-degradation experiments were conducted using a photochemical reactor equipped with a 450-W medium pressure mercury arc lamp and a water bath to maintain the solution temperature at 16 °C. The concentration of benzo [a] anthracene and co-solutes was 10" M. Irradiation experiments were conducted in toluene, benzene, and benzene-c/e- Products identified by GC/MS, FTIR, and NMR included benzo[a]an-thracene-7,12-dione, phthalic acid, phthalic anhydride, 1,2-benzenedicarboxaldehyde, naphtha-lene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid/anhydride, 7,12-dihydrobenzo[a]anthracene, 10-benzyl-10-hydroan-thracen-9-one, benzyl alcohol, and 1,2-diphenylethanol. 

Acid anhydrides form by joining two acids together. When naming, replace the word acid with the word anhydride. For example, two acetic acid molecules join to form acetic anhydride. Dicarboxylic acids may react internally to form an acid anhydride. See Figure 12-5 for some examples. 

Examples of two acid anhydrides with their names. 

The name anhydride means without water, so that makes it pretty clear that the general idea behind the formation of an acid anhydride is to remove water from a carboxylic acid. Both acyl chlorides and acid anhydrides are very effective at removing water. In some cases, heat can be used to remove water. 

The red oxide is the acid anhydride of two acids, namely, chromic acid, H2Cr04 or Cr02(OH)2 and the dichromic acid H2Cr207. Both the chromic and dichromic acids exist only in the aqueous solution and have not been isolated from the solution. Dissolution of CrOs in water produces H+ ion along with dichromate ion, Cy20i as follows ... 

Anhydro-acylation of l,2-dihydro-2-oxo-l-pyridylacetic acid with acid anhydrides yields bicyclic meso-ionic 4-acyl-l,3-oxazol-5-ones (67). Huisgen and his co-workers have reported extensive studies of the monocyclic meso-ionic l,3-oxazol-5-ones (66), which they have lightheartedly named munchnones. Cyclodehydration of N-benzoyl-A -methyl-C-phenylglycine using acetic anhydride at 55° gives the 3-methyl-2,4-diphenyl derivative (66, R = = Ph R = Me) as... 

In contrast to ribitol and xylitol (which form a dl mixture on anhydride formation because of their molecular symmetry), D-arabinitol may, in principle, on heating with acid, give two different anhydrides, namely, a 1,4-anhydroarabinitol ora 2,5-anhydroarabinitol (1,4-anhydro-lyxitol), as the following reaction sequence illustrates. 

Symmetrical acid anhydrides are named by replacing the -acid suffix of the parent carboxylic acids with the word anhydride. Mixed anhydrides that consist of two different acid-derived parts are named using the names of the two individual acids with an alphabetical order. 

The reaction between a phenol and an unsaturated acid or a derivative in the presence of a Lewis acid has also been widely used for the preparation of chroman-4-ones. The solvents employed are generally those utilized in the previous method, namely carbon disulfide or nitrobenzene, but a wider range of catalysts has been used. There is also a greater choice in the unsaturated component, the acid, acid chloride and acid anhydride being especially valuable. 

Add anhydride names are formed from systematic, Geneva, trivial, conjunctive, or other type of acid names. 

Acid anhydrides, as their name implies, are formed from the dehydration reaction of two carboxylic acid groups (Fig. 72). Anhydrides are highly reactive toward nucleophiles and are able to acylate a number of the important functional groups of proteins and other macromolecules. Upon nucleophilic attack, the anhydride yields one carboxylic acid for every acylated product. If the anhydride was formed from monocar-boxylic acids, such as acetic anhydride, then the acylation occurs with release of one carboxylate group. However for dicarboxylic acid anhydrides, such as succinic anhydride, upon reaction with a nucleophile the ring structure of the anhydride opens, forming the acylated product modified to contain a newly formed carboxylate group. 

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