Naming, acid anhydrides esters

Carboxylic acids are named by adding the suffix oic acid to the base name. Acid chlorides are name by changing the ic acid of the parent carboxylic acid to yl chloride. The suffix acid is changed to anhydride to name acid anhydrides. Esters are named like acid salts by changing ic acid to ate and preceding the name by the name of the alkyl group. To name amides, the oic acid is changed to amide. 

Acid anhydride, amides from, 807 eleclrostatic potential map of, 791 esters from, 807 from acid chlorides, 806 from carboxylic acids, 795 1R spectroscopy of, 822-823 naming, 786... 

Given the IUPAC name of a carboxylic acid, salt, ester, amide, acyl halide, or anhydride, write its structural formula, and given the structure, write the name. 

The chemical methods of industrial significance involve the dehydration of aspartic acid to form an acid anhydride, which is then coupled with the phenylalanine or its methyl ester to give the desired product. The two major processes are known as the Z and F processes (Schemes 19 and 20, respectively), named after the protecting group used on the aspartyl moiety.228 231 Both of these processes produce some P-coupled products together with the desired a-aspartame (24), but the selective crystallization removes the undesired isomers. However, because the amino acid raw materials are expensive, they must be recovered from the by-products and waste streams for recycle. 

Upha- Ry roxy Acid Anhydrides.—When an alpha-hydroxy acid is heated, or when it simply stands over sulphuric acid, two molecules react together as an alcohol-acid compound, in the manner described above in (3) and (4). The alcoholic hydroxyl of one molecule reacts with the acid hydroxyl of the other molecule and water is lost with the formation of a single anhydride which is really an ester. This compound then loses a second molecule of water by the reaction between the remaining alcoholic and acid hydroxyl groups forming a double anhydride or a double ester as discussed above in (6). The name of such double anhydride takes the termination ide in place of ic of the original 16... 

The second example in this chapter is the carboxypeptidase A (CPA) [42, 43]. CPA is an exo-peptidase which can hydrolyze the C terminal amino acid from the peptide or ester substrates, whose X-ray structures have been reported for its native form [44, 45] or enzyme-inhibitor complex [46-51]. In addition, an X-ray stmc-mre of enzyme complexed with the proteolysis product was also reported [52]. No matter accumulation of experimental data, its reaction mechanisms still remain incompletely understood [53]. In particular, two major mechanisms, promoted-water pathway and nucleophilic pathway (traditionally it was named as anhydride pathway), using a peptide as the model substrate are depicted in Fig. 9.4. The nucleophilic pathway envisages an acyl-enzyme (AE) intermediate resulting from direct... 

As mentioned above, / -diketones can be obtained by condensation of esters with ketones, but they can also be prepared in another way, namely, by reaction of methyl ketones with acid anhydrides in the presence of boron... 

Names of Acid Halides Names of Acid Anhydrides Names of Esters Names of Amides Nitriles... 

Wang et al. [135] prepared a novel ABB monomer (1-14, Scheme 8), namely 4-[4-(2,4-diaminophenoxy)phenoxy] phfhalic acid 2-methyl ester, which was polymerized to form the precursor polyamic acid monomethyl ester. The direct polycondensation of the ABB monomer was carried out to form polyamic acid monomethyl ester as a precursor and had a M of 12,000 Da. Chemical imidization in the presence of acetic anhydride and pyridine gave hb-PIs with low DB. The DB of the precursor, as determined by the H NMR spectra, was only 7%. They ascribed the low DB to the differences in the reactivities of the amino groups. End modification reactiOTis were accomplished with acetyl chloride, benzoyl chloride, and phthalic anhydride to form end-capped polyimides. The end-group-modified polyimides were soluble in polar aprotic solvents such as DMSO, DMF, and NMP. TGA measurements showed Ta,s% in the range of 400-520°C, and Tg of 200-258°C. The hb-PIs showed film-forming ability, but they were more brittle than analogous linear polymers. 

Trade Names Alcosperse 175 Sokalan CP 5 Sokalan CP 5 Powder Sokalan CP 7 Sokalan CP 7 Granules Sokalan CP 7 Powder Sokalan CP 45 Sokalan CP 45 Granules Sokalan CP 45 Powder Maleic acid anhydride. See Maleic anhydride Maleic acid, bis (2-ethylhexyl) ester. See Bis (2-ethyihexyi) maieate Maleic acid copolymer, sodium sail... 

This article discusses the benzenepolycarboxyhc acids, their anhydrides, and their esters. Table 1 includes lUPAC nomenclature, common names, and CAS Registry Numbers for the benzenepolycarboxyhc acids. These acids and anhydrides are highly stable. The carboxyUc acid groups provide from two to six sites for reaction for a wide variety of products, mostly polymers and plasticizers. 

Esters made from the reaction of acids (or anhydrides) with alcohols. 1-Alkanols produce linear chains, hence the L designation in plasticizer names. 

Commercially available hyperbranched polymer, a poly(ester-amide) is currently being marketed by DSM under the product name Hybrane [13] (Figure 8.2). It is also a hydroxyl-functionalized product, but contains both amide and ester linkages. The synthesis is accomplished in two steps cyclic anhydrides are reacted with diisopropanolamine to give an amide-intermediate, possessing two hydroxyl groups and one carboxylic acid. The subsequent polymerization takes places via an oxazolinium intermediate which results in the formation of a... 

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