Naming, acid anhydrides alkyl halides

Carboxylic acid derivatives are named as acyl halides, carboxylic anhydrides, alkyl alkanoates, alkanamides, and alkanenitriles, depending on the functional group. 

These reactions occur at about 100°C using aluminum chloride as a catalyst. This accepts a lone pair of electrons from the halogen atom on the haloalkane or acyl halide, which results in a positive charge on the adjoining carbon atom. The reaction is then ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION. It is also possible to use alkenes (for alkylation) and acid anhydrides (for acylation). It is named for the French chemist Charles Friedel (1832-99) and the US chemist James Crafts (1832-99). 

In Summary Esters are named as alkyl alkanoates. Many of them have pleasant odors and are present in nature. They are less reactive than acyl halides or carboxylic anhydrides and therefore often require the presence of acid or base to transform. With water, esters hydrolyze to the corresponding carboxylic acids or carboxylates with alcohols, they undergo transesteriflcation and, with amines at elevated temperatures, furnish amides. 

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