Naming, acid anhydrides aromatic compounds

Name an aromatic compound, a phenol, an aldehyde, a ketone, a carboxylic acid, an acid chloride, an anhydride, an ester, an amide, a nitrile, and a carboxylic acid salt. (Problems 12.21, 12.31, and 12.33)... 

In common with many other aromatic compounds, benzoic acid was first discovered in a renewable raw material, namely gum benzoin, by Blaise de Vigenere as early as in the 16th century. Carl Wilhelm Scheele further studied this raw material in 1755, and it remained the main source for medicinal benzoic acid until the mid-nineteenth century. The first technical synthesis of benzoic acid was based on naphthalene, via the intermediate phthalic anhydride this synthesis was introduced in 1863. In 1877, August Wilhelm von Hofmann reported the synthesis of benzoic acid from hippuric acid, which is present in the urine of herbivores. 

The heterohelicenes can be used for the synthesis of a new class of polycyclic aromatic compounds, similar to coronene or corannulene, for which Wynberg suggests the name heterocirculenes. Thus the hetero-hexahelicene (446) gives (453) in 95% yield upon heating for several minutes at 140 ° with an AlCls-NaCl melt, and upon reaction with maleic anhydride and chloranil (453) yields (454). Decarboxylation of the latter or the corresponding acid with copper powder in quinoline furnishes the hetero-circulene (455). ... 

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