Acetone physical properties

Physical properties. Above members all colourless. Acetone, CH3COCH3, b.p. 56 soluble in water, characteristic odour. Ethyl methyl ketone, b.p. 80°, and diethyl ketone, b.p. 102 , are moderately and sparingly soluble in water respectively. Acetophenone,C6H5COCH3, m.p. 20, sparingly soluble, and benzophenone, m.p.48 ,... 

Physical Properties. Furfuryl alcohol (2-furanmethanol) [98-00-0] is aHquid, colorless, primary alcohol with a mild odor. On exposure to air, it gradually darkens in color. Furfuryl alcohol is completely miscible with water, alcohol, ether, acetone, and ethyl acetate, and most other organic solvents with the exception of paraffinic hydrocarbons. It is an exceUent, highly polar solvent, and dissolves many resins. 

Ben2onitri1e [100-47-0] C H CN, is a colorless Hquid with a characteristic almondlike odor. Its physical properties are Hsted in Table 10. It is miscible with acetone, ben2ene, chloroform, ethyl acetate, ethylene chloride, and other common organic solvents but is immiscible with water at ambient temperatures and soluble to ca 1 wt% at 100°C. It distills at atmospheric pressure without decomposition, but slowly discolors in the presence of light. 

Chloroacetyl chloride [79-04-9] (CICH2COCI) is the corresponding acid chloride of chloroacetic acid (see Acetyl chloride). Physical properties include mol wt 112.94, C2H2CI2O, mp —21.8 C, bp 106°C, vapor pressure 3.3 kPa (25 mm Hg) at 25°C, 12 kPa (90 mm Hg) at 50°C, and density 1.4202 g/mL and refractive index 1.4530, both at 20°C. Chloroacetyl chloride has a sharp, pungent, irritating odor. It is miscible with acetone and bensene and is initially insoluble in water. A slow reaction at the water—chloroactyl chloride interface, however, produces chloroacetic acid. When sufficient acid is formed to solubilize the two phases, a violent reaction forming chloroacetic acid and HCl occurs. 

Physical properties are Hsted in Table 2. Butenediol is very soluble in water, lower alcohols, and acetone. It is nearly insoluble in aUphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons. 

The physical properties of some common ketones are Hsted in Table 1. Ketones are commonly separated by fractional distillation, and vapor—Hquid equihbria and vapor pressure data are readily available for common ketones. A number of other temperature dependent physical properties for acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and diethyl ketone have been pubHshed (3). 

Isophorone. Isophorone (3,5,5-trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-l-one) is a cycHc a,P-unsaturated ketone derived from the trimeri2ation of acetone. It has a light yellow color and a disagreeable camphoraceous odor. It has the tendency to discolor and form residues on prolonged storage. Isophorone is completely miscible with organic solvents, and other physical properties are Hsted ia Table 1. 

Lead Fluoride. Lead difluoiide, Pbp2, is a white oithorhombic salt to about 220°C where it is transformed into the cubic form some physical properties ate given in Table 1. Lead fluoride is soluble in nitric acid and insoluble in acetone and ammonia. It is formed by the action of hydrofluoric acid on lead hydroxide or carbonate, or by the reaction between potassium fluoride and lead nitrate. 

Selected physical properties of various methacrylate esters, amides, and derivatives are given in Tables 1—4. Tables 3 and 4 describe more commercially available methacrylic acid derivatives. A2eotrope data for MMA are shown in Table 5 (8). The solubiUty of MMA in water at 25°C is 1.5%. Water solubiUty of longer alkyl methacrylates ranges from slight to insoluble. Some functionalized esters such as 2-dimethylaniinoethyl methacrylate are miscible and/or hydrolyze. The solubiUty of 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate in water at 25°C is 13%. Vapor—Hquid equiUbrium (VLE) data have been pubHshed on methanol, methyl methacrylate, and methacrylic acid pairs (9), as have solubiUty data for this ternary system (10). VLE data are also available for methyl methacrylate, methacrylic acid, methyl a-hydroxyisobutyrate, methanol, and water, which are the critical components obtained in the commercially important acetone cyanohydrin route to methyl methacrylate (11). 

Nitrotoluene [99-99-0] crystallizes in colorless rhombic crystals. It is only slightly soluble in water, 0.044 g/100 g of water at 30°C moderately soluble in methanol and ethanol and readily soluble in acetone, diethyl ether, and benzene. The physical properties of -nitrotoluene are Hsted in Table 11. 

Physical properties of isopropyl alcohol are characteristic of polar compounds because of the presence of the polar hydroxyl, —OH, group. Isopropyl alcohol is completely miscible ia water and readily soluble ia a number of common organic solvents such as acids, esters, and ketones. It has solubiUty properties similar to those of ethyl alcohol (qv). There is a competition between these two products for many solvent appHcations. Isopropyl alcohol has a slight, pleasant odor resembling a mixture of ethyl alcohol and acetone, but unlike ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol has a bitter, unpotable taste. 

Sodium iodide crystallizes ia the cubic system. Physical properties are given ia Table 1 (1). Sodium iodide is soluble ia methanol, ethanol, acetone, glycerol, and several other organic solvents. SolubiUty ia water is given ia Table 2. 

Styrene is a colorless Hquid with an aromatic odor. Important physical properties of styrene are shown in Table 1 (1). Styrene is infinitely soluble in acetone, carbon tetrachloride, benzene, ether, / -heptane, and ethanol. Nearly all of the commercial styrene is consumed in polymerization and copolymerization processes. Common methods in plastics technology such as mass, suspension, solution, and emulsion polymerization can be used to manufacture polystyrene and styrene copolymers with different physical characteristics, but processes relating to the first two methods account for most of the styrene polymers currendy (ca 1996) being manufactured (2—8). Polymerization generally takes place by free-radical reactions initiated thermally or catalyticaHy. Polymerization occurs slowly even at ambient temperatures. It can be retarded by inhibitors. 

Physical properties of the acid and its anhydride are summarized in Table 1. Other references for more data on specific physical properties of succinic acid are as follows solubiUty in water at 278.15—338.15 K (12) water-enhanced solubiUty in organic solvents (13) dissociation constants in water—acetone (10 vol %) at 30—60°C (14), water—methanol mixtures (10—50 vol %) at 25°C (15,16), water—dioxane mixtures (10—50 vol %) at 25°C (15), and water—dioxane—methanol mixtures at 25°C (17) nucleation and crystal growth (18—20) calculation of the enthalpy of formation using semiempitical methods (21) enthalpy of solution (22,23) and enthalpy of dilution (23). For succinic anhydride, the enthalpies of combustion and sublimation have been reported (24). 

Physical Properties. Anhydrous sodium sulfite [7757-83-7] Na2S02, is an odorless, crystalline soHd and most commercial grades other than by-product materials are colorless or off-white (331—334). It melts only with decomposition. The specific gravity of the pure soHd is 2.633 (15.4°C). Sodium sulfite is quite soluble in water. It has a maximum solubiHty of 28 g/100 g sol at 33.4°C at higher and lower temperatures, it is less soluble in water. Below this temperature, the heptahydrate crystallizes above this temperature, the anhydrous salt crystallizes. Sodium sulfite is soluble in glycerol but insoluble in alcohol, acetone, and most other organic solvents. 

Physical Properties. Methanesulfonyl chloride [124-63-0] (MSG), CH2SO2CI, is a clear Hquid, and is soluble in a wide variety of organic solvents, eg, methanol and acetone (Table 9). 

Fohc acid (1) is found as yellow, thin platelets which char above 250°C. The uv spectmm of L-foUc acid at pH 13 shows absorptions at A = 256 nm (e = 30, 000), 282 nm (e = 26,000), and 365 nm (e = 9800). FoHc acid has a specific rotation of [a] = +19.9 (c = 1, 0.1 NNaOH). Solutions of fohc acid are stable at room temperature and in the absence of light. It is slightly soluble in aqueous alkaU hydroxides and carbonates but is insoluble in cold water, acetone, and chloroform. Table 3 Hsts some physical properties of selected fohc acid derivatives. 

Nicotinamide is a colorless, crystalline solid. It is very soluble in water (1 g is soluble in 1 mL of water) and in 95% ethanol (1 g is soluble in 1.5 mL of solvent). The compound is soluble in butanol, amyl alcohol, ethylene glycol, acetone, and chloroform, but is only slightly soluble in ether or benzene. Physical properties are Hsted in Table 1. 

Riboflavin forms fine yellow to orange-yeUow needles with a bitter taste from 2 N acetic acid, alcohol, water, or pyridine. It melts with decomposition at 278—279°C (darkens at ca 240°C). The solubihty of riboflavin in water is 10—13 mg/100 mL at 25—27.5°C, and in absolute ethanol 4.5 mg/100 mL at 27.5°C it is slightly soluble in amyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, benzyl alcohol, amyl acetate, and phenol, but insoluble in ether, chloroform, acetone, and benzene. It is very soluble in dilute alkah, but these solutions are unstable. Various polymorphic crystalline forms of riboflavin exhibit variations in physical properties. In aqueous nicotinamide solution at pH 5, solubihty increases from 0.1 to 2.5% as the nicotinamide concentration increases from 5 to 50% (9). 

Production of cellulose esters from aromatic acids has not been commercialized because of unfavorable economics. These esters are usually prepared from highly reactive regenerated cellulose, and their physical properties do not differ markedly from cellulose esters prepared from the more readily available aHphatic acids. Benzoate esters have been prepared from regenerated cellulose with benzoyl chloride in pyridine—nitrobenzene (27) or benzene (28). These benzoate esters are soluble in common organic solvents such as acetone or chloroform. Benzoate esters, as well as the nitrochloro-, and methoxy-substituted benzoates, have been prepared from cellulose with the appropriate aromatic acid and chloroacetic anhydride as the impelling agent and magnesium perchlorate as the catalyst (29). 

The physical properties of methylene chloride are Hsted in Table 1 and the binary a2eotropes in Table 2. Methylene chloride is a volatile Hquid. Although methylene chloride is only slightly soluble in water, it is completely miscible with other grades of chlorinated solvents, diethyl ether, and ethyl alcohol. It dissolves in most other common organic solvents. Methylene chloride is also an excellent solvent for many resins, waxes, and fats, and hence is well suited to a wide variety of industrial uses. Methylene chloride alone exhibits no dash or fire point. However, as Htde as 10 vol % acetone or methyl alcohol is capable of producing a dash point. 

AHyl chloride is a colorless Hquid with a disagreeable, pungent odor. Although miscible in typical compounds such as alcohol, chloroform, ether, acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, heptane, toluene, and acetone, aHyl chloride is only slightly soluble in water (21—23). Other physical properties are given in Table 1. 

Physical properties of some commercially available polyamines appear in Table 1. Generally, they are slightly to moderately viscous, water-soluble Hquids with mild to strong ammoniacal odors. Although completely soluble in water initially, hydrates may form with time, particularly with the heavy ethyleneamines (TETA, TEPA, PEHA, and higher polyamines), to the point that gels may form or the total solution may soHdify under ambient conditions. The amines are also completely miscible with alcohols, acetone, benzene, toluene and ethyl ether, but only slightly soluble in heptane. 

Unless great care is taken in control of phenol/acetone ratios, reaction conditions and the use of catalysts, a number of undesirable by-products may be obtained such as the o-,p- and o-,o- isomers of bis-phenol A and certain chroman-type structures. Although tolerable when the bis-phenol A is used in epoxy resins, these have adverse effects on both physical properties and the colour of polycarbonate resins. 

The fluids have reasonably good chemical resistance but are attacked by concentrated mineral acids and alkalis. They are soluble in aliphatic, aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons, which is to be expected from the low solubility parameter of 14.9 MPa. They are insoluble in solvents of higher solubility parameter such as acetone, ethylene glycol and water. They are themselves very poor solvents. Some physical properties of the dimethylsilicone fluids are summarised in Table 29.2. 

A.2 A chemist investigates the density, melting point, and flammability of acetone, a component of fingernail polish remover. Which of these properties are physical properties and which are chemical properties ... 

Acetylene is a simple asphyxiant and anaesthetic. Pure acetylene is a colourless, highly flammable gas with an ethereal odour. Material of commercial purity has an odour of garlic due to the presence of impurities such as phosphine. Its physical properties are shown in Table 9.4. Acetylene, which condenses to a white solid subliming at -83°C, is soluble in its own volume of water but highly soluble in acetone. 

Table 15.10 Physical property data for acetone and water.

Bayne, Fewster and Mitchell16 prepared VII by the method of Stacey and Turton, and recorded physical properties closely agreeing with those reported by Maurer.66 The compound was clearly related to D-glucosone, prepared from D-glucose phenylosazone and by direct oxidation, since, on treatment with dry acetone containing concentrated sulfuric acid, it gave crystalline tri-0-isopropylidene-(2-hydroxy-D-arabmo-hexose). 7... 

How much acetone liquid (in milliliters) is required to produce a vapor concentration of 200 ppm in a room of dimension 3 X 4 X 10 m The temperature is 25°C and the pressure is 1 atm. The following physical property data are for acetone molecular weight, 58.1 and specific gravity, 0.7899. 

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