Optical arrangement

Figure C 1.4.8. (a) An energy level diagram showing the shift of Zeeman levels as the atom moves away from the z = 0 axis. The atom encounters a restoring force in either direction from counteriDropagating light beams, (b) A typical optical arrangement for implementation of a magneto-optical trap.

Since then, TXRE has become the standard tool for surface and subsurface microanalysis [4.7-4.11]. In 1983 Becker reported the angular dependence of X-ray fluorescence intensities in the range of total reflection [4.12]. Recent demands have set the pace of further development in the field of TXRE - improved detection limits [4.13] in combination with subtle surface preparation techniques [4.14, 4.15], analyte concentrations extended even to ultratraces (pg) of light elements, e. g. A1 [4.16], spe-dation of different chemical states [4.17], and novel optical arrangements [4.18] and X-ray sources [4.19, 4.20]. 

A significant advance was the application of the Fourier transform technique to enhance the signal. The optical arrangement of a Fourier transform infrared (FUR) spectrometer is shown in Fig. 27.37 (Habib and Bockris, 1984). A beam of light from an IR source is directed to a beamsplitter, where part of the beam is transmitted to a... 

FIGURE 27.37 Optical arrangement of an FTIR spectrophotometer. (From Habib and Bockris, 1984, with permission from Elsevier.)... 

Figure 7.10 Typical optical arrangements employed for detection of (a) vapour phase (b) liquid phase and (c) solid chromatographic phases. After White [167], Reprinted from R. White (ed.), Chromatography/Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Applications Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, NY (1990), by courtesy of Marcel Dekker Inc.

The theoretical lateral spatial resolution achievable with Raman imaging using the optical arrangements of our system (50 x objective with NA = 0.75, 633 nm HeNe laser) should be about 1 pm. In this investigation the resolution is worse than predicted. In practice, sample drift during long acquisition times, uneven surface structures and penetration of laser light into the material worsen the lateral spatial resolution to a value of about 2 pm (estimated). 

The solvent acetonitrile, the supporting electrolyte, TBAHP, and the reactant thianthrene were purified by well-known procedures described in detail elsewhere /8/. The reactant t-stilbene (Fluka Gmbh) was recrystallised twice from a methanol water mixture. The optical arrangement consisted of focusing lenses, a high efficiency Bausch and Lomb monochromator and a polarising filter. The electrochemical cell was mounted on an X, Y, Z manipulator with calibrated rotation facilities (Fritz-Haber-Institut). The detection... 

Figure la. The optical arrangements of an FT-IR Spectrophotometer with reflectance attachments in the sample chamber for electrochemical experiments. (Reproduced with permission from Ref. 9. Copyright 1984 Elsevier.)... 

Monosodium L-glutamate (MSG), 12 49 Monosodium phosphate (MSP), 18 833 manufacture of, 18 853, 857-858 thermal dehydration of, 18 846 Monostatic optical arrangement, 23 139 Monosubstituted boranes, 13 635-636 Monoterpenoid alcohols, 24 500-528 bicyclic, 24 527-528 monocyclic, 24 509-527 Monoterpenoid aldehydes, 24 529-536 Monoterpenoid ethers, 24 528-529 Monoterpenoid hydrocarbons,... 

Point-of-use gas purification, 13 462 Point of zero charge, 3 708 Point source of contamination, 23 310 Point-to-point (bistatic) optical arrangement, 23 139 Poiseuille flow... 

Figure 6.4. Schematic of optical arrangement in a phase-Doppler anemometer.

Figure 6.9. Schematic of optical arrangement (top) and experimental setup (bottom) of two reference beam holography for recording images of a deforming droplet at different stages of spreading. (Reprinted from Ref. 368.)...

The resulting emission spectra from the detector may be thoroughly studied with the aid of an effective optical arrangement which will critically identify the frequencies and their respective intensities. The optical arrangement varies from one instrument to another based on the device used, and hence the nomenclature also varies, namely ... 

The optical path of a double-beam atomic absorption spectrophotometer is depicted in Figure 26.2. The various essential components comprising the optical arrangement in Figure 26.2 are enumerated after the figure. 

Figure 11.15. Schematics of the optical arrangement and temperature probes for the Cr+ fluorescence lifetime-based fiber optic thermometers. F = short-pass optical filter Fa = bandpass or long-pass optical filter LD = laser diode LED = light emitting diode S = the fluorescence material used as sensing element vm = signal to modulate the output intensity of the excitation light source v/= the detected fluorescence response from the sensing element.

TIRF is easy to set up on a conventional upright or inverted microscope with a laser light source or, in a special configuration, with a conventional arc source. TIRF is completely compatible with standard epi-fluorescence, bright-field, dark-field, or phase contrast illumination so that these methods of illumination can be switched back and forth readily. Some practical optical arrangements for observing TIRF through a microscope are described in Section 7.4. 

A wide range of optical arrangements for TIRF have been employed, both with and without a microscope.(5) The arrangements coupled to a... 

Figure 5.25 — Flow-through ion-selective optrode based on a multilayer lipidic membrane prepared by the Langmuir-Blodgett method. (A) Cross-sectional view of the composite six-layer membrane (four layers of arachidic acid/ valinomycin covered by an arachidic acid and rhodamine dye bilayer). (B) Optical arrangement integrated with the sensor, which is connected to a flow system. LS light source Ml and M2 excitation and emission monochromator, respectively FI and F2 primary filters M mirror LB lipid-sensitive membrane in a glass platelet FC flow-cell A amplifier D display P peristaltic pump. (Reproduced from [107] with permission of the Royal Society of Chemistry).

One optical arrangement in an echelle-based monochromator. In this case a Schmidt cross-disperser is used to disperse the UV light instead of The prism which is used for visible light only. This results in better transmission in the UV (reproduced with permission from the Perkin Elmer Corporation). 

To perform chemical imaging of sample surfaces, FT spectrometers can be coupled with a microscope or macrochamber with an FPA detector. CIS are available for Raman, NIR, and MIR spectroscopy. Figure 15 illustrates an optical arrangement for chemical imaging. 

Fig. 7.56. The optical arrangements of an FTIR spectrometer. (Reprinted from M. A. Habib and J. O M. Bockris, J. Electroanal. Chem. 180 290, copyright 1984, Fig. 2, with permission from Elsevier Science.)...

By means of this apparatus, it is possible to vary the area of a spread monolayer and measure the corresponding film pressure directly. Many different variations of the film balance are available, and a number of instrumentational techniques can be combined with the Langmuir balance to obtain information on the microstructure of the films and the properties of the films. Figure 7.4b illustrates, for example, a laser optics arrangement to monitor the molecular orientation of the hydrocarbon tails of the surfactant molecules. Below in this... 

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