Environment, radiation

These coatings are also employed as soHd lubricants in engine components. Refractory materials such as M0S2 and WSe2 are lamellar compounds and provide very effective soHd-state lubrication in spacecraft bearings and components used in radiation environments where conventional organic Hquid lubricants are not stable (see Lubrication and lubricants). 

The pyrotechnic literature does not contain a critical evaluation of the ignition response time. of primary initiators in terms of their compn, temp tolerance and shock sensitivity. In general, primary expls such as Pb Azide or styphnate are selected whenever a brief (microsecond) response is desired, while, for instance, Pb thiocyanate-chlorate mixts are selected when high temps and high radiation environments are encountered, and presumably a longer ignition delay is the price which is paid for the extra margin of safety... 

Bertsche U. 1985. Micronucleus induction in mammalian cell cultures treated with ionizing radiations. Radiat Environ Biophys 24 27-44. 

Bunzl K, Kracke W, Agapkina GI, et al. 1998. Association of Chernobyl-derived 239+240Pu,241 Am, 90Sr and 137Cs with different molecular size fractions of organic matter in the soil solution of two grassland soils. Radiat Environ Biophys 37 195-200. 

Lloyd RD, Mays CW. 1975. Determining liver retention of transuranium elements in living beagles. Radiat Environ Biophys 12 139-145. 

Priest ND, Birchall A. 1984. The calculation of bone doses from alpha-emitting bone surface seeking radionuclides for radiological protection purposes. Radiat Environ Biophys 23 149-153. 

Van Den Heuvel RL, Schoeters GER, Vanderborght OLJ. 1984. Effect of 241-Am on bone fibroblasts. Radiat Environ Biophys 23 137-140. 

Swarts SG, Smith GS, Miao L, Wheeler KT (1996) Radiat Environ Biophys 35 41... 

Powers, R.P., Turnage, N.E., and Kanipe, L.G., Determination of Radium-226 in Environmental Samples, in Proc. Natural Radiation Environment III,... 

Tanner, A.B., Radon Migration in the Ground a Supplementary Review, in Proc. Natural Radiation Environment III. Conf-780422, (Gesell, T.F., and Lowder, W.M., eds.) pp. 5-56, U.S. Dept, of Commerce, National Technical Information Service, Springfield VA, (1980). 

Castren, 0., The contribution of bored wells to respiratory radon daughter exposure in Finland. Proc. of Symposium on Natural Radiation Environment, (C0NF- 780422, vol.2.) pp. 1364-1370, Houston, Texas (1978). 

Hofmann, W., Cellular Lung Dosimetry for Inhaled Radon Decay Products as a Base for Radiation - Induced Lung Cancer Risk Assessment. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 20 95-112 (1982). 

Porstendorfer, J., A. Wicke, and A. Schraub, Method for a Continuous Registration of Radon, Thoron, and Their Decay Products Indoors and Outdoors, in The Natural Radiation Environment III, (T. F. Gesell and W. M. Lowder, ed) pp. 1293-1307, Technical Information Center/U.S. DOE, Springfield (1980). 

George, A.C. and A.J. Breslin, The Distribution of Ambient Radon and Radon Daughters in Residential Buildings in the New Jersey-New York Area, in Natural Radiation Environment III. Vol. 2 (T. Gesell, W. Lowder, eds.) pp. 1272-1292, Tech. Information Center, U.S. Dept, of Energy, Springfield, Va. (1980). 

Wicke, A. and Porstendorfer, J., Radon daughter equilibrium in dwellings, in Natural Radiation Environment (K.G.Vohra, ed.), Wiley Eastern Limited, 481-488 (1982)... 

Steinhausler, F., W. Hofmann, E. Pohl, and J. Pohl-Ruling, Local and Temporal Distribution Pattern of Radon and Daughters in an Urban Environment and Determination of Organ Dose Frequency Distributions With Demoscopical Methods, in Proceedings of the Symposium on Natural Radiation Environment. III. Houston. Conf-780422, DOE Sym. Ser. 51, Vol. II, pp. 1145-1161, Houston NM,... 

Cothem, C.R., D.J. Crawford-Brown, and M.E. Wrenn. 1990. Application of environmental dose-response models to epidemiology and animal data for the effects of ionizing radiation. Environ. Inter. 16 127-140. 

Hagen, U. 1990. Molecular radiation biology future aspects. Radiation Environ. Biophys. 29 315-322. Hakanson, L. and T. Andersson. 1992. Remedial measures against radioactive caesium in Swedish lake fish after Chernobyl. Aquat. Sci. 54 141-164. 

Su, R.Z., M. Kost, and J. Kiefer. 1990. The effect of krypton ions on Artemia cysts. Radiation Environ. Biophys. 29 103-107. 

Development of new applications of radiation modifications of the properties of polymers in high technology industries such as electronics and the exposure of polymer materials to radiation environments as diverse as medical sterilization and the Van Allen belts of space have resulted in a renewed interest in fundamental radiation chemistry of polymers. 

Polymer materials are frequently used under stress loadings and these may be concentrated at certain parts of the structure. Thermal stresses may be induced by non-uniform heating or by differential expansion coefficients the latter may be an important factor in the degradation of fibre-reinforced composites in the radiation environment of space. 

The mechanical properties exhibited by a polymer after irradiation are a complex function of molecular weight and molecular weight distribution and the number and type of new structures formed. Thus, it is difficult to draw structure/radiation resistance conclusions from the change in the mechanical properties alone. However, the changes in mechanical properties are direct indications of the ultimate usefulness of the polymer in a radiation environment. 

Ultimately, it is the retention of mechanical properties after irradiation which will determine the suitability of a polymer for use in a radiation environment. Since the potential applications for this class of polymer require high modulus and toughness over... 

IEC 60544-4, Guide for determining the effects of ionizing radiation on insulating materials. Part 4 Classification system for service in radiation environments, 1985. 

Hawari, J., Demeter, A., and Samson, R. Sensitized photolysis of polychlorobiphenyls in alkaline 2-propanol dechlorination of Aroclor 1254 in soil samples by solar radiation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 26(10) 2022-2027, 1992. 

PE foams containing gold particles which can be moulded or machined into shapes are being developed for applications where atomic particle reflectance or absorption is needed. Uses in neutron radiation environments and in ion implantation technology are envisaged. Uses may also develop from the high electrical conductivity of gold. 

Kaul A, Muth H. 1978. Thorotrast kinetics and radiation dose. Results from studies in Thorotrast patients and from animal experiments. Radiat Environ Biophys 15 241-259. 

Linsalata P, Franca EP, Eisenbud M. 1985. Determination of the human intake of thorium and the light rare earth elements from high and typical natural radiation environments. Trace Subst Environ Health 19 257-263. 

Sasaki MS, Takatsuji T, Ejima Y, et al. 1987. Chromosome aberration frequency and radiation dose to lymphocytes by alpha-particles from internal deposit of Thorotrast. Radiat Environ Biophys 26 227-238. 

Takakura, K. Auger effects on bromo-deoxyuridine-monophosphate irradiated with monochromatic X-rays around bromine K-absorption edge. Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 1989, 28 (3), 177-184. 

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