A review

Munns, G.A. Georgiou, Non-destructive testing methods for adhesively bonded joint nspection - a review, INSIGHT, Vol 37, No 12, Dec 1995, pp 941-952... 

Altschuler M.D and Herman G. Fully three-dimensional image reconstruction using series expansion methods., A Review of Information Processing in Medical Imaging, Oak Ride National Lab., Oak Ride, TN, 1977, p.124-142. 

A review of ongoing projects concerned with topics as NDT and Inspection reveals over 110 active projects, distributed over the various Programmes ... 

One molecular solid to which a great deal of attention has been given is ice. A review by Fletcher [74] cites calculated surface tension values of 100-120 ergs/cm (see Ref. 75) as compared to an experimental measurement of 109 ergs/cm [76]. There is much evidence that a liquidlike layer develops at the ice-vapor interface, beginning around -35°C and thickening with increasing temperature [45, 74, 77, 78]. 

The effect is to write the adsorption free energy or, approximately, the energy of adsoiption Q as a sum of electrostatic and chemical contributions. A review is provided by Ref. 156. 

The importance of the thin film between the mineral particle and the air bubble has been discussed in a review by Pugh and Manev [74]. In this paper, modem studies of thin films via SFA and interferometry are discussed. These film effects come into play in the stability of foams and froths. Johansson and Pugh have studied the stability of a froth with particles. Small (30-/ m), moderately hydrophobic 6c = 65°) quartz particles stabilized a froth, while more hydrophobic particles destabilized it and larger particles had less influence [75]. 

Exerowa and co-workers [201] suggest that surfactant association initiates black film formation the growth of a black film is discussed theoretically by de Gennes [202]. A characteristic of thin films important for foam stability, their permeability to gas, has been studied in some depth by Platikanov and co-workers [203, 204]. A review of the stability and permeability of amphiphile films is available [205]. 

The remainder of the chapter is concerned with increasingly specialized developments in the study of gas adsorption, and before proceeding to this material, it seems desirable to consider briefly some of the experimental techniques that are important in obtaining gas adsorption data. See Ref. 22 for a review of traditional methods, and Ref 23 for lUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) recommendations for symbols and definitions. 

Chemisoq)tion bonding to metal and metal oxide surfaces has been treated extensively by quantum-mechanical methods. Somoijai and Bent [153] give a general discussion of the surface chemical bond, and some specific theoretical treatments are found in Refs. 154-157 see also a review by Hoffman [158]. One approach uses the variation method (see physical chemistry textbooks) ... 

A quantitative treatment for the depletive adsorption of iogenic species on semiconductors is that known as the boundary layer theory [84,184], in which it is assumed that, as a result of adsorption, a charged layer is formed. Doublelayer theory is applied, and it turns out that the change in surface potential due to adsorption of such a species is proportional to the square of the amount adsorbed. The important point is that very little adsorption, e.g., a 0 of about 0.003, can produce a volt or more potential change. See Ref. 185 for a review. 

Pyykko P 1997 Strong closed-shell interactions in inorganic chemistry Chem. Rev. 97 597 A review of fertile ground for fiittlier research. 

When quantum effects are large, the PF can be evaluated by path integral methods [H], Our exposition follows a review article by Gillan [12], Starting with the canonical PF for a system of particles... 

Quack M and Tree J 1976 Unimolecular reactions and energy transfer of highly excited molecules Gas Kinetics and Energy Transfer mo 2, oh 5, ed P G Ashmore and R J Donovan (London The Chemical Society) pp 175-238 (a review of the literature published up to early 1976)... 

Plenary 15. B Scluader et al, e-mail address beriilrard.scluader uni-essen.de (NIR-FTRS). A review of the use of Raman spectroscopy in medical diagnostics. Its possibilities, limitations and expectations. Emphasizes the need for a library of reference spectra and the applications of advanced analysis (chemometry) for comparing patient/library spectra. 

Plenary 79. FI G M Edwards, e-mail address h.g.m.edwards bradford.ac.uk (NIR-FTRS). A review of recent applications of RS to archeology—characterizing ancient pigments, human skin, bone, ivories, teeth, resins, waxes and gums. Aging effects and dating possibilities. Emphasizes use of microscopic Raman. 

An important distinction among surfaces and interfaces is whether or not they exliibit mirror synnnetry about a plane nonnal to the surface. This synnnetry is particularly relevant for the case of isotropic surfaces (co-synnnetry), i.e. ones that are equivalent in every azunuthal direction. Those surfaces that fail to exliibit mirror synnnetry may be tenned chiral surfaces. They would be expected, for example, at the boundary of a liquid comprised of chiral molecules. Magnetized surfaces of isotropic media may also exliibit this synnnetry. (For a review of SFIG studies of chiral interfaces, the reader is referred to [68]. ... 

Many of the fiindamental physical and chemical processes at surfaces and interfaces occur on extremely fast time scales. For example, atomic and molecular motions take place on time scales as short as 100 fs, while surface electronic states may have lifetimes as short as 10 fs. With the dramatic recent advances in laser tecluiology, however, such time scales have become increasingly accessible. Surface nonlinear optics provides an attractive approach to capture such events directly in the time domain. Some examples of application of the method include probing the dynamics of melting on the time scale of phonon vibrations [82], photoisomerization of molecules [88], molecular dynamics of adsorbates [89, 90], interfacial solvent dynamics [91], transient band-flattening in semiconductors [92] and laser-induced desorption [93]. A review article discussing such time-resolved studies in metals can be found in... 

More advanced pulsed teclmiques have also been developed. For a review of pulsed ENDOR techniques the reader is referred to [43, 44 and 45]. 

Luckham P F and Manimaaran S 1997 Investigating adsorbed polymer layer behaviour using dynamic surface forces apparatuses—a review Adv. Coiioid interface Sc/. 73 1 -46... 

Saldin D K, Chen X, Vam vakas J A, Ott M, Wedler H, Reuter K, Heinz K and De Andres P L 1997 Holographic LEED a review of recent progress Surf. Rev. Lett A 991-1001... 

Rabalais J W 1994 Low energy ion soattering and reooiling Surf. Sc/. 299/300 219-32 A review of the ion scattering literature starting in the 1960s. 

Cooper J A and Compton R G 1998 Channel electrodes—a review Electroanalysis 10 141... 

Panagiotopoulos A Z 1992 Direot determination of fluid phase equilibria by simulation in the Gibbs ensemble a review Mol. SImul. 9 1 -23... 

Jensen A W, Wilson S R and Schuster D I 1996 Biological applications of fullerenes—a review Bioorg. Med. Chem. 4 767-79... 

Jensen A W, Wilson S R and Schuster D I 1996 Biological applications of fuiierenes—a review Bioorg. Med. Chem. 4 767-79 Martii n N, Sanchez L, lllescas B and Perez I 1998 Cgg-based electroactive organofullerenes Chem. Rev. 98 2527 Prato M 1997 [60]fullerene chemistry for materials science applications J. Mater. Chem. 7 1097-109... 

Furtlier details of PDLCs can be found in tire excellent monograph by Drzaic [121]. A review of tire non-linear optical properties of PDLCs has also been presented [1241. 

Although the remainder of this contribution will discuss suspensions only, much of the theory and experimental approaches are applicable to emulsions as well (see [2] for a review). Some other colloidal systems are treated elsewhere in this volume. Polymer solutions are an important class—see section C2.1. For surfactant micelles, see section C2.3. The special properties of certain particles at the lower end of the colloidal size range are discussed in section C2.17. 

Casci J L 1994 The preparation and potential applications of ultra-large pore molecular sieves a review Stud. Surf. Sc/. Catai. 85 329-56... 

A brief description of a low-density non-equilibrium plasma is given followed by a review of its characteristic features and of tire relevant collisionprocesses in tire plasma. Principles for tire generation of plasmas in teclmical devices are discussed and examples of important plasma chemical processes and tlieir technical applications are presented. 

Kiziing M B and Jaras S G 1996 A review of plasma techniques in catalyst preparation and catalytic reactions Appl. Catalysis A 147 1-21... 

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