A Review of the Literature

First author and reference number Year Precursor chemical Method used to make hydrophobic Additional reagent employed Drying method Density (g/mL) Surface area (m /g) Hydrophobicity (contact angle or water uptake) Optical transmission  

Schwertfeger [40] 1992 TMOS CP MTMS ASCE 0.06-0.29 505-679 Less than 1% water uptake Decreases w/addition of MTMS  

Schwertfeger [41] 1994 TMOS CP Various ASCE 0.19-0.29 432-628 Less than 1% water uptake, IR spect.  

Husing [42] 1995 TMOS CP MTMS+ CSCE and ASCE 0.24-0.38 505-686 Less than 1% water uptake —  

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Quack M and Tree J 1976 Unimolecular reactions and energy transfer of highly excited molecules Gas Kinetics and Energy Transfer mo 2, oh 5, ed P G Ashmore and R J Donovan (London The Chemical Society) pp 175-238 (a review of the literature published up to early 1976)... 

There are cases where each of these methods excels. However, the literature does indicate a preference for certain methods that obtain the most consistent results. Below are some of the suggestions based on a review of the literature ... 

In general, the computation of absolute chemical shifts is a very difficult task. Computing shifts relative to a standard, such as TMS, can be done more accurately. With some of the more approximate methods, it is sometimes more reliable to compare the shifts relative to the other shifts in the compound, rather than relative to a standard compound. It is always advisable to verify at least one representative compound against the experimental spectra when choosing a method. The following rules of thumb can be drawn from a review of the literature ... 

Cuvello, V T., 1981, Actual and Perceived Risk A Review of the Literature, in Technological Risk Assessment edited by P. F. Ricci et al. NATO ASI Series E-81, Martinos Nijtioff Publisher, The Hague, Netherlands. 

A review of the literature prior to 1953 on reactions of pyridinium, quinolinium, and isoquinolinium salts is available (31). The reactions will be described here only briefly. The initial observation was that of Freund et al. (32-37), who found that treatment of various derivatives of hydra-stinine (15) with Grignard reagents yielded addition products, such as 16. 

M. P. Groziak and F. G. Jacobs, Tricyclic Systems Central Carbo-cyclic Ring with Fused Five- and Six-membered Rings Chapter 7.22 pp. 875-919 in Katritzky A. R., Rees Ch. W., and Scriven E. F. V, Comprehensive Heterocyclic Chemistry II A review of the Literature 1982-1995, Vol. 7 Fused Five- and Six-membered Rings without Ring Junction Heteroatoms, vol. ed. Ramsden Ch. A., Elsevier Science, Oxford, 1996. 

These relationships are generally determined empirically, because of the complex kinetics of the precipitation polymerization process and the large variations from one reaction system to another. Nevertheless, a review of the literature presents useful guidelines for process design experiments. 

Strassman R Adverse reactions to psychedelic drugs a review of the literature. J Nerv Ment Dis 172 377-595, 1984... 

A research program in progress at Raltech Scientific Services is designed to find inhibitors which will prevent nitrosamine formation in cosmetic products, A review of the literature (4) indicated that the oil phase of emulsions may play an important role in nitrosation chemistry. Thus, results from studies in water alone could be misleading when reduced to practice. 

Gadducci A, Cosio S, Conte PF, Genazzani AR. Consolidation and maintenance treatments for patients with advanced epithelial ovarian cancer in complete response after first-line chemotherapy a review of the literature. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2005 55 153-166. 

A Review of the Literature published between July 1 985 and June 1986... 

A review of the literature demonstrates some trends concerning the effect of the polymer backbone on the thermotropic behavior of side-chain liquid crystalline polymers. In comparison to low molar mass liquid crystals, the thermal stability of the mesophase increases upon polymerization (3,5,18). However, due to increasing viscosity as the degree of polymerization increases, structural rearrangements are slowed down. Perhaps this is why the isotropization temperature increases up to a critical value as the degree of polymerization increases (18). 

J. E. Finchman, Over-the-counter drug use and misuse by the ambulatory elderly A review of the literature, J. Geriatr. Drug Ther., 1, 3 (1986). 

Dixon, K. R. Dixon, A. C. Palladium Complexes with Carbonyl, Isocyanide and Carbene Ligands, In Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry II A review of the literature 1982-1994 Puddephatt, R. J. Ed., Elsevier, 1995, Vol. 9, p 193. 

Manni R., Terzaghi M Sartori I., Mancini F., Pacchetti C. (2004). Dopamine agonists and sleepiness in PD a review of the literature and personal findings. Sleep Med. 5, 189-93. 

Baum-Baicker C (1985). The psychological benefits of moderate alcohol consumption A review of the literature. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 15, 305-322. 

Ward NJ and Dye L (1999). Cannabis and Driving A Review of the Literature and Commentary (A report). Department of Environment Transport and Regions, London. 

Schizophrenia is a chronic, complex psychiatric disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population worldwide. The chronic nature of the illness, in addition to the early age of onset, results in direct and indirect health care expenditures in the U.S., which amount to approximately 30 to 64 billion dollars per year [4]. It is perhaps the most devastating of psychiatric disorders, with approximately 10% of patients committing suicide. The dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia postulates that overactivity at dopaminergic synapses in the central nervous system (CNS), particularly the mesolimbic system, causes the psychotic symptoms (hallucinations and delusions) of schizophrenia. Roth and Meltzer [5] have provided a review of the literature and have concluded a role for serotonin as well in the pathophysiology and treatment of schizophrenia. The basic premise of their work stems from the known interaction between the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems. 

There are numerous excellent reviews and original literature about Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) where one can read detailed descriptions and get lists of earlier references [1-11]. This chapter is neither a review of the literature, nor a detailed account... 

Fetsch PA, Abati A. The effects of antibody clone and pretreatment method on the results of HER2 immunostaining in cytologic samples of metastatic breast cancer a query and a review of the literature. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2007 35 319-328. 

Ridder MI A review of the literature on preoperative prophylaxis of the bowel with antibacterial agents. Am J Med Sci 1952 223 301-315. 

This book is meant to present in convenient form a readable account of the essentials of inorganic chemistry that can serve as both as a textbook for a one semester course upper level course and as a guide for self study. It is a textbook not a review of the literature or a research monograph. There are few references to the original literature, but many of the advanced books and monographs are cited. 

Walker R (1970) The metabolism of azo compounds a review of the literature. Food Cosmet Toxicol 8(6) 659-676... 

The concentration of 100 ppm for 8 h in the study by Kim and Carlson (1986) was used as the basis for the AEGL-1. This exposure results in a methemoglobin level of 22% but no hypoxic signs in rats. A review of the literature revealed that methemoglobin levels of 15-20% in humans results in clinical cyanosis, but no sign of clinical hypoxia (Kiese 1974 Seger 1992). Although inhalation data for comparison purposes are not available, oral... 

With a morphine biosynthetic gene in hand, we believed we could begin to address the question why only P. somniferum produces morphine, while other Papaver species such as P. rhoeas, P. orientale, and P. bracteatum do not. Unexpectedly, we found that the codeinone reductase transcript was present to some degree in all four species investigated. A review of the literature revealed no alkaloids reported in P. rhoeas for which codeinone reductase should participate in the synthesis. Similarly, P. orientale accumulates the alternate morphine biosynthetic precursor oripavine, but codeinone reductase is not involved in the biosynthesis of oripavine, acting instead after this alkaloid along the biosynthetic pathway to morphine.22 P. bracteatum produces the morphine precursor thebaine as a major alkaloid. As for oripavine in P. orientale, codeinone reductase would act in P. bracteatum after thebaine formation on the pathway to morphine. It appears, therefore, that the reason that P. rhoeas, P. orientale, and P. bracteatum do not produce morphine is not related to the absence of the transcript of the morphine biosynthesis-specific gene codeinone reductase. The expression of codeinone reductase may simply be an evolutionary remnant in these species. 

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