A perspective

Figure B3.2.7. A perspective view of the cetineite (Na Se). The height of the figure is tluee lattice constants c. The shaded tube is included only as a guide to the eye. (From [88].)...

Shakhnovich E 1998 Protein design a perspective from simple tractable models Folding Design 3 R45-R58... 

Dill K A, Bromberg S, Yue K, Fiebig K M, Yee D P, Thomas P D and Chan H S 1995 Principles of protein folding—a perspective from simple exact models Protein Sci. 561-602... 

In addition to their practical importance, colloidal suspensions have received much attention from chemists and physicists alike. This is an interesting research area in its own right, and it is an important aspect of what is referred to as soft condensed matter physics. This contribution is written from such a perspective, and although a balanced account is aimed for, it is inevitably biased by the author s research interests. References to the original literature are included, but within the scope of this contribution only a fraction of the vast amount of literature on colloidal suspensions can be mentioned. 

As an example for an efficient yet quite accurate approximation, in the first part of our contribution we describe a combination of a structure adapted multipole method with a multiple time step scheme (FAMUSAMM — fast multistep structure adapted multipole method) and evaluate its performance. In the second part we present, as a recent application of this method, an MD study of a ligand-receptor unbinding process enforced by single molecule atomic force microscopy. Through comparison of computed unbinding forces with experimental data we evaluate the quality of the simulations. The third part sketches, as a perspective, one way to drastically extend accessible time scales if one restricts oneself to the study of conformational transitions, which arc ubiquitous in proteins and are the elementary steps of many functional conformational motions. 

Chatfield C and A J Collins 1980. Introduction to Multivariate Analysis. London, Chapman Hall. Dobson C M, A Sali and M Karplus 1998. Protein Folding A Perspective from Theory and Experiment. 

The separation of a racemic mixture into its enantiomeric components is termed resolution The first resolution that of tartaric acid was carried out by Louis Pasteur m 1848 Tartaric acid IS a byproduct of wine making and is almost always found as its dextrorotatory 2R 3R stereoisomer shown here m a perspective drawing and m a Fischer projection... 

P. A. Machiele, "A Perspective on the PlammabiUty, Toxicity, and Environmental Safety Distinctions Between Methanol and Conventional Euels," AIChE 1989 Summer National Meeting (Philadelphia, Pa., Aug. 22, 1989), American Institute of Chemical Engineers. 

Citation searching of patents offers a perspective different from either traditional class searching or traditional subject index searching. A citation search on known fundamental patents can lead directiy to improvement patents, even when those patents are so new that they have not yet been indexed. This technique can be especiaHy effective when working in an unfamiliar area, or one which is difficult to index. 

At the present time, it is still necessary to study various review articles to develop a perspective and depth into the status of the work on shock compression of solids. Fortunately, there are a number of readily accessible reviews, which collect and analyze a good portion of the work in the field. Table 1.2 lists those review articles that provide a broad coverage of the field. 

CM Dobson, A Sail, M Karplus. Protein folding A perspective from theory and experiment. Angew Chem Int Ed 37 868-893, 1998. 

KA Dill, S Bromberg, K Yue, KM Fiebig, DP Yee, PD Thomas, HS Chan. Principles of protein folding—A perspective from simple exact models. Protein Sci 4 561-602, 1995. 

Nye, M.J. (1972) Molecular Reality A Perspective on the Scientific Work of Jean Perrin (Macdonald, London and, American Elsevier, New York). 

Figure 5.1-5 shows a perspective view of one loop of the system. Note that in this system, kinematic constraints in the form of pipe supports, anchors, and hangers are minimal. Only the pumps are laterally braced by the suppressors. The pumps in this system are supported by hangers from above. 

This section reflects on the limitations of the PSA process and draws extensively from NUREG-1050. These subjects are discussed as plant modeling and evaluation, data, human errors, accident processes, containment, fission product transport, consequence analysis, external events, and a perspective on the meaning of risk. 

To arrive at a perspective on magnitudes of pressure, consider two types of loadings, planar impact and planar detonation of high explosives, which are perhaps the two most common procedures. Figure 1.1 shows shock-... 

Shock-compressed solids and shock-compression processes have been described in this book from a perspective of solid state physics and solid state chemistry. This viewpoint has been developed independently from the traditional emphasis on mechanical deformation as determined from measurements of shock and particle velocities, or from time-resolved wave profiles. The physical and chemical studies show that the mechanical descriptions provide an overly restrictive basis for identifying and quantifying shock processes in solids. These equations of state or strength investigations are certainly necessary to the description of shock-compressed matter, and are of great value, but they are not sufficient to develop a fundamental understanding of the processes. 

Chapter 1, The Role of Human Error in Chemical Process Safety, discusses the importance of reducing human error to an effective process safety effort at the plant. The engineers, managers, and process plant personnel in the CPI need to replace a perspective that has a blame and punishment view of error with a systems viewpoint that sees error as a mismatch between human capabilities and demands. 

Furan is typically tiVC) coordinated in a series of organometallic compounds. However, it is its ti (C=C) coordination that opened a perspective toward a broad series of derivatized furans. It can be a bridging ligand forming (C=C)... 

Figure 3 A perspective of the atomic postions around the migration path, running from the moving atom to the vacancy. In some calculations an impurity is located at positions 1 or 2.

Photographs of the proposed site are useful and a site layout drawing is needed, but a perspective artistic impression showing buildings with architectural facades, vehicles and other site activities improves the presentation. Employing three-dimensional models discussed in Section 7.3 helps communication and allows layout options to be easily demonstrated and discussed. 

Sawhorse structure (Section 3.6) A manner of representing stereochemistry that uses a stick drawing and gives a perspective view of the conformation around a single bond. 

By adopting a perspective from the philosophy of science I will attempt to cross levels of complexity from the most elementary chemical explanations based on electron shells to those based on ab initio methods. Such a juxtaposition is seldom contemplated in the chemical literature. Textbooks provide elementary explanations which necessarily distort the full details but allow for a more conceptual or qualitative grasp of the main ideas. Meanwhile the research literature focuses on the minute details of particular methods or particular chemical systems and does not typically examine the kind of explanation that is being provided. To give a satisfactory discussion of explanation in the context of the periodic table we need to consider both elementary and deeper explanations within a common framework. 

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