A UK perspective

In the opening chapter of this book, reference is made to the hierarchy of some of the relevant international and European legislation and its influence on the development of risk-based approaches to help manage and control hazardous substances. Reference is made also to the central role of ecotoxicity testing in risk assessment. 

This part of Chapter 9 sets out a more detailed perspective of how legislation concerning chemicals is implemented in the UK, and it considers how developments have been influenced by traditions. In the context of this chapter, it is not the intention to provide a complete and comprehensive review but rather, by selective illustration, to show how the typical British approach based on informality and regulatory discretion has moved to the more formal and centralised control necessary within the European Union (EU). Where appropriate, reference to other international law is made to indicate where different approaches influence enforcement procedures. 

This example illustrates the often issue-based and ad hoc approach to setting national environmental legislation. In recent times, a more integrated assessment has been adopted and the regulatory agencies in the UK have regulatory duties that cover air, land and water to reflect this holistic approach. This model has not been followed by many other European Member States. 

The primary environmental legislation in England and Wales that relates to the release and control of waste discharges includes the 1990 Environmental Protection Act, the 1991 Water Resources Act, the 1995 Environment Act and the 1999 Pollution Prevention and Control Act. Some of the more important elements of these acts are discussed below. 

The 1990 Environmental Protection Act introduced Integrated Pollution Control (IPC) to releases from prescribed industrial processes. It is divided into Parts A and B, the more technically complex and potentially polluting Part A processes 

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Bloomfield JP, Williams RJ, Goody DC, Cape JN, Guha P (2006) Impacts of climate change on the fate and behaviour of pesticides in surface and groundwater - a UK perspective. Sci Total Environ 369 163-177... 

Barnes J. (2003) Pharmacovigilance in herbal medicines. A UK perspective. Drug Safety 26 829-851. 

This chapter is written from a UK perspective and readers in coimtries outside the United Kingdom will need to make allowances for this. Some specific points may not be relevant to your country but in general, the principles apply to most healthcare systems. 

E. Marshall, The fluoride debate One more time, Science 247 (1990) 276-277. P.T.C. Harrison, Fluoride in water A UK perspective, J. Fluorine Chem. 126 (2005) 1448-1456. 

Coles, C.C. (2005) Anthelmintic resistance - looking to the future a UK perspective. Research in Veterinary Science 78, 99-1 08. 

Trill, A.J. (1993), Computerized Systems and GxP — A UK Perspective Part 1 Background, Standards and Methods Part 2 Inspection Findings Part 3 Best Practices and Topical Issues, Pharmaceutical Technology International, 5 (2) 12-26, 5 (3) 49-63, 5 (5) 17-30. 

Jones, M McCarthy, A. Moving fly ash utilisation in concrete forward a UK perspective. Presentation to International Ash Utilisation Symposium, Centre for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, held 20-22 October 2003. 

Royal Academy of Engineeiing (2000). The Universe of Engineering. A UK Perspective. In http // www.raeng.org.uk/news/publicati(ms/repOTts/pdls/Universe Imgineeiing.pdf [23. 7. 2004]. 

Bhole MV, Manson AL, Seneviratne SL, Misbah SA. IgE-mediated allergy to local anaesthetics separating fact from perception a UK perspective. Br J Anaesth2012 108(6) 903-ll. 

With the cost of helium (at least from a UK perspective) also looking likely to increase in the following years, the choice of magnet system is becoming increasingly important. There are considerable trade-offs relating to field stability, homogeneity, helium consumption and sweep hysteresis. 

Taylor, K. (2009) Asylum Seekers, Refugees, and the Politics of Access to Health Care A UK Perspective. British Journal of General Practice 59(567) 765-72. 

Fuge, R. 1993. Acid Mine Drainage A UK perspective, oxidation In Short Course Notes, Sulfi Oxidation and the Generation of Acid Mine Drainage, Proceedings of the Mineral Deposit Study Group Annual Meeting, London, 13-18/12/93. 

Sandler M (1992). Development of anxiolytic and antidepressant drugs A historical perspective. In JM Elliot, DJ Heal and CA Marsden (eds), Experimental Approaches to Anxiety and Depression (pp. 1-8). John Wiley Sons, Chichester, UK. 

Singer, W. (1998), Consciousness from a neurobiological perspective , in S. P. R. Rose (Ed.), Brains to Consciousness Essays on the New Sciences of the Mind, Allen Lane The Penguin Press, Harmondsworth, Middlesex, UK, pp. 228-245. 

McCammon, J.A., Harvey, S.C. (1987), Dynamics of proteins and nucleic acids. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press. Brooks III, C. L., Karplus, M., Pettitt, B.M. (1988), Proteins. A theoretical perspective of dynamics, structure, and thermodynamics. New York Wiley. 

Balfour DJK (2004) The neurobiology of tobacco dependence a prechnical perspective on the role of the nucleus accumbens. Nic Tob Res 6 899-912 Balfour DJK (2006) Complementary roles for the accumbal shell and core in nicotine dependence. In Bock G, Goode J (eds) Understanding nicotine and tobacco addiction. Novartis Symp-soium 275. Wiley, Chichester, UK, pp 96-115... 

Controls on NHS medicines prescribing and expenditure in the UK (a historical perspective) with some international comparisons... 

Beesley, J. E. (1989) Colloidal gold a new perspective for cytochemical marking, m Royal Microscopical Society Handbook, vol 17. Oxford Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK. 

The PED has definitely the merit that it supersedes, from a legal perspective, the very many old local codes in all European member states, codes such as BS (UK), ISPESL (Italy), TUV (Germany), Stoomwezen (the Netherlands), and UDT (Poland). Compliance with PED allows the manufacturer to CE mark their product as required by the European Union (EU) and is an assurance for the end-users that the selected material to protect their systems is in accordance to the law. Manufacturers approvals, however, are limited in time and need to be renewed regularly, which is an additional guarantee. Therefore, even with the most reputable manufacturers, it is always wise to check the status of the approvals to make sure they have not expired. 

Gillan, C.J., Tennyson, J. and Burke, P.G. (1995). The UK molecular R-matrix scattering package a computational perspective, in Computational Methods for Electron-Molecule Collisions, eds. W.M. Huo and F.A. Gianturco (Plenum,... 

Barton, B.A. Stress in finiish past, present and future - a historical perspective. In Fish Stress and Health in Aquaculture, edited by G.K. Iwama, C.B. Schreck, A.D. Pickering and J. Sumpter, Cambridge, UK, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1—33, 1996. 

Case, P., Environmental Risk Management and Corporate Lending - A Global Perspective, Woodhead Publishing, UK, 1999. 

However, what does all this mean Rook and Zumla argued from a theoretical perspective that the particular medical countermeasures used by the UK Armed Forces, namely the combination of anthrax, pertussis and multiple... 

The UK clearly put a great deal of time and effort into producing its 29-page contribution to the background paper. One statement stands out as a general perspective ... 

Wells, A. and Matthews, G. (1994). Attention and Emotion. A Clinical Perspective. Hove, UK Erlbaum. 

Johnsen, T.E., Howard, M., Miemczyk, J., 2014. Purchasing and Supply Chain Management A Sustainability Perspective. Routledge, Oxon, UK and New York. 

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