A Brief Historical Perspective

People have made use of colour since prehistoric times, for example in decorating their bodies, in colouring the furs and skins that they wore and in the paintings which adorned their cave dwellings. Of course, in those 

The foundation of the synthetic dye industry is universally attributed to William Henry Perkin on account of his discovery in 1856 of a purple dye which he originally gave the name Aniline Purple, but which was later to become known as Mauveine. Perkin was a young enthusiastic British organic chemist who was carrying out research aimed not initially at synthetic dyes but rather at developing a synthetic route to quinine, the antimalarial drug. His objective in one particular set of experiments was 

Undoubtedly the most significant discovery in colour chemistry in the post-Mauveine period was due to the work of Peter Griess, which provided the foundation for the development of the chemistry of azo dyes and pigments. In 1858, Griess demonstrated that the treatment of an aromatic amine with nitrous acid gave rise to an unstable salt (a dia-zonium salt) which could be used to prepare highly coloured compounds. 

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In this chapter I will provide a brief historic perspective, outline the manufacturing drivers for process analysis, provide a high-level overview of process analytical instrumentation, describe the PA method development life cycle prior to implementation and highlight the common pitfalls and challenges within the PA field. I have taken a pragmatic approach herein as the many benefits of PA are realized when a suitable process instrument and method is successfully implemented within a routine manufacturing environment, which is most often a multifaceted endeavor. 

Interest in the bacterial ens me xylose/glucose isomerase has been driven by its use in the isomerization of ucose to fructose to produce high>fructose corn syrups, and in the isomerization of xylose to xylulose for the conversion of the more fermentable xylulose to ethanol In this work, a brief historical perspective is presented, followed by a summary of the current understanding of the enzyme s major features. Also, a useful compilation of available xylose isomerase DNA sequences is presented with annotation of some of the major areas identified as being of functional significance. The extent of homology between the xylose isomerases is discussed with reference to differences in their function. 

Tomalia, D. A., and J. M. J. Frechet. 2002. Discovery of dendrimers and dendritic polymers A brief historical perspective. Journal of Polymer Science Part A Polymer Chemistry 40 2719 -28. 

D.A. Tomalia, J.M.J. Frechet, Discovery of Dendrimers and Dendritic Polymers A Brief Historical Perspective , J. Polym. Sci., Part A, Polym. Chem., 40,2719 (2002)... 

The basic concepts of managed care have evolved and are continuing to evolve over time. To understand this evolution, a brief historical perspective is presented first, followed by discussions of the language and principles of managed care. 

A. A BRIEF HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE OF TRANSPORT PHENOMENA IN CHEMICAL ENGINEERING... 

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