Zinc air, secondary

Fig. 9.18 Schematic diagram of a zinc-air secondary battery system...

Zinc-air secondary batteries 59/5 SAFTzinc-air depolarized primary batteries... 

Primary batteries, zinc-alkaline manganese dioxide, mercury-zinc, carbon-zinc Leclanche, magnesium types, silver oxide-zinc, zinc chloride Leclanche, zinc-air secondary batteries, alkaline, nickel-iron, nickel-cadmium, silver-zinc, sealed lead-acid, zinc-air, nickel-metal hydride secondary, lithium-manganese dioxide, lithium-silver chromate, lithium-lead bismuthate. 

Varta SpA, Via Teitulliano 70, 20137 Milan Primary batteries, zinc—alkaline manganese dioxide, mercury—zinc, carbon—zinc Leclanche, magnesium types, hthium types, silver oxide—zinc, zinc chloride Leclancti6, zinc—air, secondary batteries, alkaline, nickel—iron, nickel—cadmium, silver—zinc, silver—cadmium. 

McGraw Edison Corporation, Edison Battery Division, PO Box 28, Bloomfield 07003, New Jersey Primary batteries, zinc-air secondary batteries, nickel-iron, nickel-cadmium, zinc-air. 

Zinc-air secondary battery (underdevelopment) CGE, France (underdevelopment)... 

Other alkaline primary cells couple zinc with oxides of mercury or silver and some even use atmospheric oxygen (zinc—air cell). Frequendy, zinc powder is used in the fabrication of batteries because of its high surface area. Secondary (rechargeable) cells with zinc anodes under development are the alkaline zinc—nickel oxide and zinc—chlorine (see Batteries). 

There are two major types of household batteries (a) Primary batteries are those that cannot be reused. They include alkaline/manganese, carbon-zinc, mercuric oxide, zinc-air, silver oxide, and other types of button batteries, (b) Secondary batteries are those that can be reused secondary batteries (rechargeable) include lead-acid, nickel-cadmium, and potentially nickel-hydrogen. 

D—Leclanche Zinc anode Carbon, silver chloride, and air Primary and secondary Zinc—air batteries, carbon—zinc batteries, and silver chloride-zinc batteries... 

Besides Li-accumulators also Ni metal hydride systems and metal-air systems (like the zinc-air batteries already described ) come into consideration for electrotraction (Figure 10). Because metal air systems such as the Zn-air system, even though not proper secondary systems (nor are they fuel cells), can be chemically recharged, they are relevant for fleet operators (e.g taxi enterprises). 

Zinc is vaporised from the slag bath as zinc metal but is oxidised above the bath by the introduction of secondary air. Secondary air also bums CO to CO2 and any fine coal particles in suspension in gas emitted from the bath, and is controlled to achieve an oxygen level of five per cent in furnace flue gas. As a result the tanperature of furnace gases above the bath can rise to IbCXl C. The furnace gases pass up through a shaft composed of a water-cooled membrane wall to a water mbe boiler where the temperature is reduced to around 650°C. The membrane wall is integrated within the boiler system. 

To transport people and material growing transportation systems are needed. More and more of the energy for these systems is drawn from secondary batteries. The reason for this trend is economic, but there is also an environmental need for a future chance for electric traction. The actual development of electrochemical storage systems with components like sodium-sulfur, sodium-nickel chloride, nickel-metal hydride, zinc-bromine, zinc-air, and others, mainly intended for electric road vehicles, make the classical lead-acid traction batteries look old-fashioned and outdated. Lead-acid, this more than 150-year-old system, is currently the reliable and economic power source for electric traction. 

The performance advantages of several types of lithium batteries compared with conventional primary and secondary batteries, are shown in Secs. 6.4 and 7.3. The advantage of the lithium cell is shown graphically in Figs. 7.2 to 7.9, which compare the performance of the various primary cells. Only the zinc/air, zinc/mercuric oxide, and zinc/silver oxide cells, which are noted for their high energy density, approach the capability of the lithium systems at 20°C. The zinc/air cell, however, is very sensitive to atmospheric conditions the others do not compare as favorably on a specific energy basis nor at lower temperatures. 

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